feat: userspace faults

refactor: large code cleanup and safety pass
feat: userspace program loading and task spawning
2026-09-07 13:52:07 -05:00 · 2026-09-07 13:31:49 -05:00 · 2026-09-07 08:24:46 -05:00 · 2026-09-06 10:53:45 -05:00
39 changed files with 2898 additions and 997 deletions
@@ -2,6 +2,13 @@
 # It is not intended for manual editing.
 version = 4

+[[package]]
+name = "client"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "dusk-sys",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "dusk"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -10,11 +17,25 @@ dependencies = [
 ]

 [[package]]
-name = "init"
+name = "dusk-sys"
 version = "0.1.0"

+[[package]]
+name = "echo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "dusk-sys",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "limine"
 version = "0.6.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "29363c0f37e66e18575fadf7141c56ee7ea04ae5fecbeb25eff303f77af203a9"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "omega3"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "dusk-sys",
+]
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 edition = "2024"

 [workspace]
-members = [".", "userspace/init"]
+members = [".", "userspace/*"]

 [dependencies]
 limine = "0.6.5"
@@ -67,10 +67,14 @@ prepare-bin-files:
 		mkdir -p ${INITRAMFS_PATH}

 compile-user:
-		RUSTFLAGS="-C relocation-model=static" cargo build --package init ${USERSPACE_CARGO_OPTS}
+		RUSTFLAGS="-C relocation-model=static" cargo build --package omega3 ${USERSPACE_CARGO_OPTS}
+		RUSTFLAGS="-C relocation-model=static" cargo build --package client ${USERSPACE_CARGO_OPTS}
+		RUSTFLAGS="-C relocation-model=static" cargo build --package echo ${USERSPACE_CARGO_OPTS}

 copy-initramfs-files: compile-user
-		cp -v target/${ARCH}-unknown-none/${MODE}/init ${INITRAMFS_PATH}/init.elf
+		cp -v target/${ARCH}-unknown-none/${MODE}/omega3 ${INITRAMFS_PATH}/omega3.elf
+		cp -v target/${ARCH}-unknown-none/${MODE}/client ${INITRAMFS_PATH}/client.elf
+		cp -v target/${ARCH}-unknown-none/${MODE}/echo ${INITRAMFS_PATH}/echo.elf

 compile-initramfs: copy-initramfs-files
 		(cd ${INITRAMFS_PATH} && find . -mindepth 1 | cpio -o -H newc) > ${ARTIFACTS_PATH}/initramfs.img
@@ -133,7 +137,7 @@ compile-binaries:

 ovmf-x86_64:
 	mkdir -p ovmf/ovmf-x86_64
-	@if [ ! -d "ovmf/ovmf-x86_64/OVMF.fd" ]; then \
+	@if [ ! -f "ovmf/ovmf-x86_64/OVMF.fd" ]; then \
 		cd ovmf/ovmf-x86_64 && curl -Lo OVMF.fd https://retrage.github.io/edk2-nightly/bin/RELEASEX64_OVMF.fd; \
 	fi

@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ const APIC_TIMER_INITIAL_COUNT: u32 = 0x380;
 const APIC_TIMER_CURRENT_COUNT: u32 = 0x390;
 const APIC_TIMER_DIVIDE_CONFIG: u32 = 0x3E0;

-#[derive(Debug)]
 enum LocalApicAccess {
    X2Apic,
    XApic,
@@ -88,7 +87,6 @@ pub enum LocalApicError {
    NotBootSystemProcessor,
 }

-#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct LocalApic {
    id: u32,
    access: LocalApicAccess,
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ pub enum CpuFeaturesError {
    InvalidVirtualAddressWidth,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct CpuFeatures {
    pub nx_supported: bool,
    pub nx_enabled: bool,
@@ -1,35 +1,40 @@
-use crate::arch::{
-    apic, timer,
-    x86_64::interrupts::idt::{self, InterruptStackFrame},
-};
+use super::idt::{self, InterruptFrame, stub_no_err};
+use crate::arch::{apic, timer};

 pub const PIT_CALIBRATION_VECTOR: u8 = 0xF1;
 pub const APIC_TIMER_VECTOR: u8 = 0xFD;
 pub const APIC_ERROR_VECTOR: u8 = 0xFE;
 pub const APIC_SPURIOUS_VECTOR: u8 = 0xFF;

-extern "x86-interrupt" fn error_handler(_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
-    apic::record_error();
-    apic::end_of_interrupt();
-}
+stub_no_err!(stub_pit_calibration, 0xF1);
+stub_no_err!(stub_apic_timer, 0xFD);
+stub_no_err!(stub_apic_error, 0xFE);
+stub_no_err!(stub_apic_spurious, 0xFF);

-extern "x86-interrupt" fn timer_handler(_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
-    apic::record_timer();
-    apic::end_of_interrupt();
-}
-
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn pit_calibration_handler(_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
+pub(super) fn handle(frame: &mut InterruptFrame) {
+    match frame.vector as u8 {
+        PIT_CALIBRATION_VECTOR => {
            timer::record_pit_calibration();
            apic::end_of_interrupt();
        }
-
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn spurious_handler(_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
+        APIC_TIMER_VECTOR => {
+            apic::record_timer();
+            apic::end_of_interrupt();
+        }
+        APIC_ERROR_VECTOR => {
+            apic::record_error();
+            apic::end_of_interrupt();
+        }
+        APIC_SPURIOUS_VECTOR => {
            // No EOI
        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+}

 pub(super) fn install(idt: &mut idt::Idt) {
-    idt.set_handler(PIT_CALIBRATION_VECTOR, pit_calibration_handler, 0);
-    idt.set_handler(APIC_ERROR_VECTOR, error_handler, 0);
-    idt.set_handler(APIC_TIMER_VECTOR, timer_handler, 0);
-    idt.set_handler(APIC_SPURIOUS_VECTOR, spurious_handler, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(PIT_CALIBRATION_VECTOR, stub_pit_calibration, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(APIC_ERROR_VECTOR, stub_apic_error, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(APIC_TIMER_VECTOR, stub_apic_timer, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(APIC_SPURIOUS_VECTOR, stub_apic_spurious, 0);
 }
@@ -1,79 +1,115 @@
 use core::arch::asm;

-use super::idt::{self, InterruptStackFrame};
-use crate::{hcf, println};
-
-macro_rules! fatal_without_error_code {
-    ($handler:ident, $name:literal) => {
-        extern "x86-interrupt" fn $handler(frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
-            fatal_exception($name, &frame, None);
-        }
+use super::idt::{self, InterruptFrame, InterruptStackFrame, stub_err, stub_no_err};
+use crate::{
+    hcf, println,
+    task::tcb::{ExitReason, Fault},
 };
-}

-macro_rules! fatal_with_error_code {
-    ($handler:ident, $name:literal) => {
-        extern "x86-interrupt" fn $handler(frame: InterruptStackFrame, error_code: u64) {
-            fatal_exception($name, &frame, Some(error_code));
-        }
-    };
-}
+stub_no_err!(stub_divide_error, 0);
+stub_no_err!(stub_debug, 1);
+stub_no_err!(stub_non_maskable_interrupt, 2);
+stub_no_err!(stub_breakpoint, 3);
+stub_no_err!(stub_invalid_opcode, 6);
+stub_no_err!(stub_device_not_available, 7);
+stub_err!(stub_double_fault, 8);
+stub_err!(stub_invalid_tss, 10);
+stub_err!(stub_segment_not_present, 11);
+stub_err!(stub_stack_segment_fault, 12);
+stub_err!(stub_general_protection, 13);
+stub_err!(stub_page_fault, 14);
+stub_no_err!(stub_x87_floating_point, 16);
+stub_err!(stub_alignment_check, 17);
+stub_no_err!(stub_machine_check, 18);
+stub_no_err!(stub_simd_floating_point, 19);
+stub_no_err!(stub_user_test_exit, 0x80);

-extern "x86-interrupt" fn breakpoint_handler(frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
-    report_exception("BREAKPOINT", &frame, None);
-}
+const EXCEPTION_NAMES: [&str; 32] = [
+    "DIVIDE ERROR",
+    "DEBUG",
+    "NON-MASKABLE INTERRUPT",
+    "BREAKPOINT",
+    "OVERFLOW",
+    "BOUND RANGE EXCEEDED",
+    "INVALID OPCODE",
+    "DEVICE NOT AVAILABLE",
+    "DOUBLE FAULT",
+    "COPROCESSOR SEGMENT OVERRUN",
+    "INVALID TSS",
+    "SEGMENT NOT PRESENT",
+    "STACK-SEGMENT FAULT",
+    "GENERAL PROTECTION FAULT",
+    "PAGE FAULT",
+    "RESERVED",
+    "x87 FLOATING-POINT EXCEPTION",
+    "ALIGNMENT CHECK",
+    "MACHINE CHECK",
+    "SIMD FLOATING-POINT EXCEPTION",
+    "VIRTUALIZATION EXCEPTION",
+    "CONTROL PROTECTION EXCEPTION",
+    "RESERVED",
+    "RESERVED",
+    "RESERVED",
+    "RESERVED",
+    "RESERVED",
+    "RESERVED",
+    "HYPERVISOR INJECTION EXCEPTION",
+    "VMM COMMUNICATION EXCEPTION",
+    "SECURITY EXCEPTION",
+    "RESERVED",
+];

-extern "x86-interrupt" fn page_fault_handler(frame: InterruptStackFrame, error_code: u64) {
-    report_exception("PAGE FAULT", &frame, Some(error_code));
+pub(super) fn handle(frame: &mut InterruptFrame) {
+    let is_user = frame.stack_frame.code_segment & 0b11 == 3;
+    let vector = frame.vector as u8;
+    let name = EXCEPTION_NAMES
+        .get(vector as usize)
+        .copied()
+        .unwrap_or("UNKNOWN EXCEPTION");
+
+    if !is_user {
+        if vector == 14 {
+            report_exception(name, &frame.stack_frame, Some(frame.error_code));
            println!("Faulting address: {:#X}", read_cr2());
-    print_page_fault_error(error_code);
+            print_page_fault_error(frame.error_code);
            hcf();
        }

-fatal_without_error_code!(divide_error_handler, "DIVIDE ERROR");
-fatal_without_error_code!(debug_handler, "DEBUG EXCEPTION");
-fatal_without_error_code!(non_maskable_interrupt_handler, "NON-MASKABLE INTERRUPT");
-fatal_without_error_code!(invalid_opcode_handler, "INVALID OPCODE");
-fatal_without_error_code!(device_not_available_handler, "DEVICE NOT AVAILABLE");
-fatal_without_error_code!(x87_floating_point_handler, "X87 FLOATING-POINT EXCEPTION");
-fatal_without_error_code!(machine_check_handler, "MACHINE CHECK");
-fatal_without_error_code!(simd_floating_point_handler, "SIMD FLOATING-POINT EXCEPTION");
-
-fatal_with_error_code!(double_fault_handler, "DOUBLE FAULT");
-fatal_with_error_code!(invalid_tss_handler, "INVALID TSS");
-fatal_with_error_code!(segment_not_present_handler, "SEGMENT NOT PRESENT");
-fatal_with_error_code!(stack_segment_fault_handler, "STACK-SEGMENT FAULT");
-fatal_with_error_code!(general_protection_handler, "GENERAL PROTECTION FAULT");
-fatal_with_error_code!(alignment_check_handler, "ALIGNMENT CHECK");
-
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn user_test_exit_handler(frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
-    if frame.code_segment & 0b11 != 3 {
-        panic!("user_test_exit_handler called from kernel");
+        fatal_exception(name, &frame.stack_frame, Some(frame.error_code));
    }

-    println!("User test exit");
-    hcf();
+    let fault = match vector {
+        // Page fault, GPF, Stack/Segment faults -> SegmentationFault
+        11 | 12 | 13 | 14 => Fault::SegmentationFault,
+        // Invalid Opcode -> IllegalInstruction
+        6 => Fault::IllegalInstruction,
+        // Divide by zero, Alignment check, SIMD/x87 -> Abort
+        0 | 16 | 17 | 19 => Fault::Abort,
+        _ => Fault::Abort,
+    };
+
+    crate::task::scheduler::exit_current(ExitReason::Fault(fault));
 }

 pub(super) fn install(idt: &mut idt::Idt) {
-    idt.set_handler(0, divide_error_handler, 0);
-    idt.set_handler(1, debug_handler, 0);
-    idt.set_handler(2, non_maskable_interrupt_handler, 0);
-    idt.set_user_handler(3, breakpoint_handler, 0);
-    idt.set_handler(6, invalid_opcode_handler, 0);
-    idt.set_handler(7, device_not_available_handler, 0);
-    idt.set_error_code_handler(8, double_fault_handler, 1);
-    idt.set_error_code_handler(10, invalid_tss_handler, 0);
-    idt.set_error_code_handler(11, segment_not_present_handler, 0);
-    idt.set_error_code_handler(12, stack_segment_fault_handler, 0);
-    idt.set_error_code_handler(13, general_protection_handler, 0);
-    idt.set_error_code_handler(14, page_fault_handler, 0);
-    idt.set_handler(16, x87_floating_point_handler, 0);
-    idt.set_error_code_handler(17, alignment_check_handler, 0);
-    idt.set_handler(18, machine_check_handler, 0);
-    idt.set_handler(19, simd_floating_point_handler, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(0, stub_divide_error, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(1, stub_debug, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(2, stub_non_maskable_interrupt, 0);
+    idt.set_user_handler(3, stub_breakpoint, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(6, stub_invalid_opcode, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(7, stub_device_not_available, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(8, stub_double_fault, 1);
+    idt.set_handler(10, stub_invalid_tss, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(11, stub_segment_not_present, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(12, stub_stack_segment_fault, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(13, stub_general_protection, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(14, stub_page_fault, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(16, stub_x87_floating_point, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(17, stub_alignment_check, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(18, stub_machine_check, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(19, stub_simd_floating_point, 0);

-    idt.set_user_handler(0x80, user_test_exit_handler, 0);
+    idt.set_user_handler(0x80, stub_user_test_exit, 0);
 }

 fn read_cr2() -> u64 {
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ struct IdtEntry {

 impl IdtEntry {
    const fn missing() -> Self {
-        return Self {
+        Self {
            offset_low: 0,
            code_selector: 0,
            ist: 0,
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ impl IdtEntry {
            offset_middle: 0,
            offset_high: 0,
            reserved: 0,
-        };
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ struct IdtPointer {

 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
-pub(super) struct InterruptStackFrame {
+pub struct InterruptStackFrame {
    pub instruction_pointer: VirtualAddr,
    pub code_segment: u64,
    pub cpu_flags: u64,
@@ -46,14 +46,36 @@ pub(super) struct InterruptStackFrame {
    pub stack_segment: u64,
 }

+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct InterruptFrame {
+    pub rax: u64,
+    pub rcx: u64,
+    pub rdx: u64,
+    pub rsi: u64,
+    pub rdi: u64,
+    pub r8: u64,
+    pub r9: u64,
+    pub r10: u64,
+    pub r11: u64,
+    pub rbx: u64,
+    pub rbp: u64,
+    pub r12: u64,
+    pub r13: u64,
+    pub r14: u64,
+    pub r15: u64,
+    pub vector: u64,
+    pub error_code: u64,
+    pub stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
+}
+
 const INTERRUPT_GATE: u8 = 0b1110;
 const PRESENT: u8 = 1 << 7;
 const KERNEL_INTERRUPT_GATE: u8 = PRESENT | INTERRUPT_GATE;
 const USER_DPL: u8 = 3 << 5;
 const USER_INTERRUPT_GATE: u8 = PRESENT | USER_DPL | INTERRUPT_GATE;

-pub(super) type Handler = extern "x86-interrupt" fn(InterruptStackFrame);
-pub(super) type ErrorCodeHandler = extern "x86-interrupt" fn(InterruptStackFrame, u64);
+pub(super) type RawHandler = unsafe extern "C" fn();

 pub(super) struct Idt {
    entries: [IdtEntry; 256],
@@ -66,20 +88,11 @@ impl Idt {
        }
    }

-    pub(super) fn set_handler(&mut self, vector: u8, handler: Handler, ist: u8) {
+    pub(super) fn set_handler(&mut self, vector: u8, handler: RawHandler, ist: u8) {
        self.set_handler_address(vector, handler as usize, ist, KERNEL_INTERRUPT_GATE);
    }

-    pub(super) fn set_error_code_handler(
-        &mut self,
-        vector: u8,
-        handler: ErrorCodeHandler,
-        ist: u8,
-    ) {
-        self.set_handler_address(vector, handler as usize, ist, KERNEL_INTERRUPT_GATE);
-    }
-
-    pub(super) fn set_user_handler(&mut self, vector: u8, handler: Handler, ist: u8) {
+    pub(super) fn set_user_handler(&mut self, vector: u8, handler: RawHandler, ist: u8) {
        self.set_handler_address(vector, handler as usize, ist, USER_INTERRUPT_GATE);
    }

@@ -101,6 +114,110 @@ static mut IDT: Idt = Idt::new();
 const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<IdtEntry>() == 16);
 const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<IdtPointer>() == 10);
 const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<InterruptStackFrame>() == 40);
+const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<InterruptFrame>() == 176);
+const _: () = assert!(core::mem::offset_of!(InterruptFrame, stack_frame) == 136);
+
+#[unsafe(naked)]
+pub(super) unsafe extern "C" fn interrupt_common() {
+    core::arch::naked_asm!(
+        "push r15",
+        "push r14",
+        "push r13",
+        "push r12",
+        "push rbp",
+        "push rbx",
+        "push r11",
+        "push r10",
+        "push r9",
+        "push r8",
+        "push rdi",
+        "push rsi",
+        "push rdx",
+        "push rcx",
+        "push rax",
+
+        // Check CS: bit 0 and 1 are CPL. If CPL != 0 (user mode), swapgs
+        "test byte ptr [rsp + 144], 3",
+        "jz 1f",
+        "swapgs",
+        "1:",
+
+        "mov rdi, rsp",
+        "cld",
+        "call {dispatch}",
+
+        // Check CS: if returning to user mode, swapgs
+        "test byte ptr [rsp + 144], 3",
+        "jz 2f",
+        "swapgs",
+        "2:",
+
+        "pop rax",
+        "pop rcx",
+        "pop rdx",
+        "pop rsi",
+        "pop rdi",
+        "pop r8",
+        "pop r9",
+        "pop r10",
+        "pop r11",
+        "pop rbx",
+        "pop rbp",
+        "pop r12",
+        "pop r13",
+        "pop r14",
+        "pop r15",
+
+        "add rsp, 16",
+        "iretq",
+
+        dispatch = sym interrupt_dispatch,
+    );
+}
+
+extern "C" fn interrupt_dispatch(frame: &mut InterruptFrame) {
+    let vector = frame.vector as u8;
+    match vector {
+        0..=31 | 0x80 => exceptions::handle(frame),
+        apic_vectors::PIT_CALIBRATION_VECTOR
+        | apic_vectors::APIC_TIMER_VECTOR
+        | apic_vectors::APIC_ERROR_VECTOR
+        | apic_vectors::APIC_SPURIOUS_VECTOR => apic_vectors::handle(frame),
+        _ => {
+            crate::println!("Unhandled interrupt vector: {:#X}", vector);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! stub_no_err {
+    ($name:ident, $vec:literal) => {
+        #[unsafe(naked)]
+        pub(super) unsafe extern "C" fn $name() {
+            core::arch::naked_asm!(
+                "push 0",
+                concat!("push ", stringify!($vec)),
+                "jmp {common}",
+                common = sym $crate::arch::x86_64::interrupts::idt::interrupt_common,
+            );
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! stub_err {
+    ($name:ident, $vec:literal) => {
+        #[unsafe(naked)]
+        pub(super) unsafe extern "C" fn $name() {
+            core::arch::naked_asm!(
+                concat!("push ", stringify!($vec)),
+                "jmp {common}",
+                common = sym $crate::arch::x86_64::interrupts::idt::interrupt_common,
+            );
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+pub(super) use stub_err;
+pub(super) use stub_no_err;

 pub fn idt_init() {
    let mut idt = Idt::new();
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ pub struct RedirectionConfig {
    pub trigger: TriggerMode,
 }

-#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct IoApic {
    base: VirtualAddr,
    global_interrupt_base: u32,
@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@ pub enum InterruptInitError {
    PitNotHandled,
 }

-#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct InterruptController {
    local_apic: apic::LocalApic,
    io_apic: io_apic::IoApic,
@@ -164,8 +163,6 @@ pub unsafe fn enter_user(
    user_instruction_pointer: VirtualAddr,
    user_stack_pointer: VirtualAddr,
 ) -> ! {
-    println!("Entering user mode");
-
    unsafe {
        asm!(
            "mov ds, {user_data_selector:x}",
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ use crate::{
    arch::x86_64::cpu::CpuFeatures,
    memory::{
        CachePolicy, DirectMap, FrameAddr, FrameAllocator, OwnedFrame, PagePermissions,
-        PhysicalAddr, VirtualAddr,
+        PageTableMapping, PhysicalAddr, VirtualAddr,
    },
 };

 pub const PAGE_SIZE: usize = 4096;
 pub const PAGE_TABLE_ENTRIES: usize = 512;

-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct PagingConfig {
    physical_address_bits: u8,
    global_pages: bool,
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ impl PagingConfig {
    }
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 enum PagingMode {
    FourLevel,
    FiveLevel,
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl PagingMode {
    }
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 enum PageTableLevel {
    Pml5,
    Pml4,
@@ -106,14 +106,13 @@ impl PageTableLevel {
    }
 }

-#[derive(Debug)]
 enum PageTableEntryError {
    PhysicalAddressTooLarge,
    NoExecuteUnsupported,
 }

 #[repr(transparent)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct PageTableEntry(u64);

 impl PageTableEntry {
@@ -200,6 +199,14 @@ impl PageTableEntry {
        self.0 & Self::PRESENT != 0
    }

+    fn writable(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0 & Self::WRITABLE != 0
+    }
+
+    fn executable(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0 & Self::NX == 0
+    }
+
    fn is_user_accessible(&self) -> bool {
        self.0 & Self::USER_ACCESSIBLE != 0
    }
@@ -227,9 +234,16 @@ impl PageTableEntry {

        FrameAddr::from_start_address(self.physical_address(config))
    }
+
+    fn permissions(&self) -> PagePermissions {
+        PagePermissions::new(
+            self.writable(),
+            self.executable(),
+            self.is_user_accessible(),
+        )
+    }
 }

-#[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) enum MapError {
    InvalidVirtualAddress,
    VirtualAddressUnaligned,
@@ -264,7 +278,6 @@ pub(crate) enum PageTableCreateError {
    OutOfFrames,
 }

-#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct PageTable {
    pub direct_map: DirectMap,
    config: PagingConfig,
@@ -366,6 +379,52 @@ impl PageTable {
        self.direct_map.translate(addr)
    }

+    pub fn mapping(&self, virtual_addr: VirtualAddr) -> Option<PageTableMapping> {
+        let address = virtual_addr.as_usize();
+
+        if !self.is_canonical(address) {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let mut table_frame = self.frame.frame_address();
+        let mut permissions = PagePermissions::new(true, true, true);
+
+        for &level in self.config.mode.intermediate_levels() {
+            let table = self.table(table_frame)?;
+            let entry = table[level.index(address)];
+
+            if !entry.is_present() {
+                return None;
+            }
+
+            let entry_permissions = entry.permissions();
+            permissions.writable &= entry_permissions.writable;
+            permissions.user_accessible &= entry_permissions.user_accessible;
+            permissions.executable &= entry_permissions.executable;
+
+            if entry.is_huge() {
+                level.large_page_size()?;
+                return Some(PageTableMapping { permissions });
+            }
+
+            table_frame = entry.table_frame(self.config)?;
+        }
+
+        let page_table = self.table(table_frame)?;
+        let entry = page_table[p1_index(address)];
+
+        if !entry.is_present() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let entry_permissions = entry.permissions();
+        permissions.writable &= entry_permissions.writable;
+        permissions.user_accessible &= entry_permissions.user_accessible;
+        permissions.executable &= entry_permissions.executable;
+
+        Some(PageTableMapping { permissions })
+    }
+
    fn get_next_level(
        &self,
        parent: FrameAddr,
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ const IA32_KERNEL_GS_BASE: u32 = 0xC000_0102;
 const RFLAGS_MASK: u64 = 0x257FD5; // Clear IF, TF, DF, IOPL, NT, AC

 #[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Debug)]
 struct SyscallFrame {
    pub r15: u64,
    pub r14: u64,
@@ -38,6 +38,10 @@ pub fn find_file<'a>(archive: &'a [u8], target: &str) -> Option<&'a [u8]> {
    let mut offset = 0;

    while offset + core::mem::size_of::<Header>() <= archive.len() {
+        if offset + core::mem::size_of::<Header>() > archive.len() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
        let header = Header::from_bytes(&archive[offset..])?;
        let header_start = offset;
        offset += core::mem::size_of::<Header>();
@@ -1,423 +1,105 @@
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
-pub enum ElfIsa {
-    None,
-    Sparc,
-    X86,
-    Mips,
-    Ppc,
-    Arm,
-    SuperH,
-    Ia64,
-    Amd64,
-    AArch64,
-    Riscv,
-}
+pub struct ElfError;

-impl ElfIsa {
-    fn from_u16(value: u16) -> Result<Self, ElfError> {
-        match value {
-            0x00 => Ok(Self::None),
-            0x02 => Ok(Self::Sparc),
-            0x03 => Ok(Self::X86),
-            0x08 => Ok(Self::Mips),
-            0x14 => Ok(Self::Ppc),
-            0x28 => Ok(Self::Arm),
-            0x2A => Ok(Self::SuperH),
-            0x32 => Ok(Self::Ia64),
-            0x3E => Ok(Self::Amd64),
-            0xB7 => Ok(Self::AArch64),
-            0xF3 => Ok(Self::Riscv),
-            _ => Err(ElfError::InvalidElf),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
-pub enum ElfClass {
-    Elf32,
-    Elf64,
-}
-
-impl ElfClass {
-    fn from_u8(value: u8) -> Result<Self, ElfError> {
-        match value {
-            1 => Ok(Self::Elf32),
-            2 => Ok(Self::Elf64),
-            _ => Err(ElfError::InvalidElf),
-        }
-    }
-
-    const fn header_size(self) -> u16 {
-        match self {
-            Self::Elf32 => 52,
-            Self::Elf64 => 64,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
-pub enum Endianness {
-    Little,
-    Big,
-}
-
-impl Endianness {
-    fn from_u8(value: u8) -> Result<Self, ElfError> {
-        match value {
-            1 => Ok(Self::Little),
-            2 => Ok(Self::Big),
-            _ => Err(ElfError::InvalidElf),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[repr(u16)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
-pub enum ElfType {
-    Relocatable = 1,
-    Executable = 2,
-    SharedObject = 3,
-    Core = 4,
-}
-
-impl ElfType {
-    fn from_u16(value: u16) -> Result<Self, ElfError> {
-        match value {
-            1 => Ok(Self::Relocatable),
-            2 => Ok(Self::Executable),
-            3 => Ok(Self::SharedObject),
-            4 => Ok(Self::Core),
-            _ => Err(ElfError::InvalidElf),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-#[allow(unused)]
-pub struct ElfHeader {
-    magic: [u8; 4],
-    pub class: ElfClass,
-    endianness: Endianness,
-    version: u8,
-    os_abi: u8,
-    _reserved: [u8; 8],
-    pub object_type: ElfType,
-    pub machine: ElfIsa,
-    version_1: u32,
-    entry: u64,                     // 2115136
-    program_header_offset: u64,     // 64
-    section_header_offset: u64,     // 2759752
-    flags: u32,                     // 0
-    header_size: u16,               // 64
-    program_header_entry_size: u16, // 56
-    program_header_count: u16,      // 6
-    section_header_entry_size: u16, // 64
-    section_header_count: u16,      // 17
-    section_name_index: u16,        // 15
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum ElfError {
-    InvalidElf,
-}
-
-impl ElfHeader {
-    pub fn parse(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ElfError> {
-        let mut reader = Reader::new(bytes);
-
-        let magic = reader.read_array()?;
-        if magic != *b"\x7fELF" {
-            return Err(ElfError::InvalidElf);
-        }
-
-        let class = ElfClass::from_u8(reader.read_u8()?)?;
-        let endianness = Endianness::from_u8(reader.read_u8()?)?;
-        reader.set_endianness(endianness);
-
-        let version = reader.read_u8()?;
-        let os_abi = reader.read_u8()?;
-        let reserved = reader.read_array()?;
-        let object_type = ElfType::from_u16(reader.read_u16()?)?;
-        let machine = ElfIsa::from_u16(reader.read_u16()?)?;
-        let version_1 = reader.read_u32()?;
-        let entry = reader.read_word(class)?;
-        let program_header_offset = reader.read_word(class)?;
-        let section_header_offset = reader.read_word(class)?;
-        let flags = reader.read_u32()?;
-        let header_size = reader.read_u16()?;
-        let program_header_entry_size = reader.read_u16()?;
-        let program_header_count = reader.read_u16()?;
-        let section_header_entry_size = reader.read_u16()?;
-        let section_header_count = reader.read_u16()?;
-        let section_name_index = reader.read_u16()?;
-
-        if header_size != class.header_size() {
-            return Err(ElfError::InvalidElf);
-        }
-
-        Ok(Self {
-            magic,
-            class,
-            endianness,
-            version,
-            os_abi,
-            _reserved: reserved,
-            object_type,
-            machine,
-            version_1,
-            entry,
-            program_header_offset,
-            section_header_offset,
-            flags,
-            header_size,
-            program_header_entry_size,
-            program_header_count,
-            section_header_entry_size,
-            section_header_count,
-            section_name_index,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-#[repr(u32)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
-pub enum ProgramHeaderType {
-    Null = 0,
-    Load = 1,
-    Dynamic = 2,
-    Interpreter = 3,
-    Note = 4,
-    Shlib = 5,
-    Phdr = 6,
-    GnuStack = 0x6474e551,
-    Relro = 0x6474e552,
-    Other(u32),
-}
-
-impl ProgramHeaderType {
-    fn from_u32(value: u32) -> Self {
-        match value {
-            0 => Self::Null,
-            1 => Self::Load,
-            2 => Self::Dynamic,
-            3 => Self::Interpreter,
-            4 => Self::Note,
-            5 => Self::Shlib,
-            6 => Self::Phdr,
-            0x6474e551 => Self::GnuStack,
-            0x6474e552 => Self::Relro,
-            _ => Self::Other(value),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct ProgramHeader {
-    pub segment_type: ProgramHeaderType,
-    pub flags: u32,
-    pub file_offset: u64,
-    pub virtual_address: u64,
-    _physical_address: u64,
-    pub file_size: u64,
-    pub memory_size: u64,
-    pub alignment: u64,
-}
-
-impl ProgramHeader {
-    pub fn parse(bytes: &[u8], class: ElfClass, endianness: Endianness) -> Result<Self, ElfError> {
-        let mut reader = Reader::new(bytes);
-        reader.set_endianness(endianness);
-
-        let segment_type = ProgramHeaderType::from_u32(reader.read_u32()?);
-
-        let flags = if class == ElfClass::Elf64 {
-            reader.read_u32()?
-        } else {
-            0
-        };
-
-        let file_offset = reader.read_word(class)?;
-        let virtual_address = reader.read_word(class)?;
-        let physical_address = reader.read_word(class)?;
-        let file_size = reader.read_word(class)?;
-        let memory_size = reader.read_word(class)?;
-
-        let flags = if class == ElfClass::Elf32 {
-            reader.read_u32()?
-        } else {
-            flags
-        };
-
-        let alignment = reader.read_word(class)?;
-
-        Ok(Self {
-            segment_type,
-            flags,
-            file_offset,
-            virtual_address,
-            _physical_address: physical_address,
-            file_size,
-            memory_size,
-            alignment,
-        })
-    }
-}
+#[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
+const MACHINE: u16 = 62;
+#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
+const MACHINE: u16 = 183;
+#[cfg(target_arch = "riscv64")]
+const MACHINE: u16 = 243;

 pub struct Elf<'a> {
    bytes: &'a [u8],
-    header: ElfHeader,
+    headers: &'a [u8],
+    pub entry: usize,
+}
+
+pub struct Segment<'a> {
+    pub data: &'a [u8],
+    pub address: usize,
+    pub memory_size: usize,
+    pub writable: bool,
+    pub executable: bool,
 }

 impl<'a> Elf<'a> {
    pub fn parse(bytes: &'a [u8]) -> Result<Self, ElfError> {
-        let header = ElfHeader::parse(bytes)?;
-
-        Ok(Self { bytes, header })
+        let header = bytes.get(..64).ok_or(ElfError)?;
+        // Bootstrap images are static ELF64 executables in the native ISA, always LE.
+        if &header[..7] != b"\x7fELF\x02\x01\x01"
+            || u16_at(header, 16) != 2
+            || u16_at(header, 18) != MACHINE
+            || u32_at(header, 20) != 1
+            || u16_at(header, 52) != 64
+            || u16_at(header, 54) != 56
+        {
+            return Err(ElfError);
        }

-    pub fn program_headers(&self) -> Result<ProgramHeaders<'_>, ElfError> {
-        let offset =
-            usize::try_from(self.header.program_header_offset).map_err(|_| ElfError::InvalidElf)?;
-        let entry_size = usize::from(self.header.program_header_entry_size);
-        let count = usize::from(self.header.program_header_count);
-
-        let expected_entry_size = match self.header.class {
-            ElfClass::Elf32 => 32,
-            ElfClass::Elf64 => 56,
-        };
-
-        if entry_size != expected_entry_size {
-            return Err(ElfError::InvalidElf);
+        let offset = usize_at(header, 32);
+        let count = usize::from(u16_at(header, 56));
+        let end = offset.checked_add(count * 56).ok_or(ElfError)?;
+        let headers = bytes.get(offset..end).ok_or(ElfError)?;
+        if headers
+            .chunks_exact(56)
+            .any(|h| matches!(u32_at(h, 0), 2 | 3))
+        {
+            // There is no dynamic linker or relocation processing during bootstrap.
+            return Err(ElfError);
        }

-        let table_size = entry_size.checked_mul(count).ok_or(ElfError::InvalidElf)?;
-        let table_end = offset.checked_add(table_size).ok_or(ElfError::InvalidElf)?;
-        let bytes = self
-            .bytes
-            .get(offset..table_end)
-            .ok_or(ElfError::InvalidElf)?;
-
-        Ok(ProgramHeaders {
+        Ok(Self {
            bytes,
-            class: self.header.class,
-            endianness: self.header.endianness,
-            entry_size,
-            remaining: count,
+            headers,
+            entry: usize_at(header, 24),
        })
    }

-    pub fn bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
-        self.bytes
+    pub fn segments(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Result<Segment<'a>, ElfError>> + '_ {
+        self.headers
+            .chunks_exact(56)
+            .filter(|h| u32_at(h, 0) == 1)
+            .map(|h| {
+                let offset = usize_at(h, 8);
+                let address = usize_at(h, 16);
+                let file_size = usize_at(h, 32);
+                let memory_size = usize_at(h, 40);
+                let alignment = usize_at(h, 48);
+                if file_size > memory_size
+                    || (alignment > 1
+                        && (!alignment.is_power_of_two()
+                            || address % alignment != offset % alignment))
+                {
+                    return Err(ElfError);
                }
-
-    pub fn machine(&self) -> ElfIsa {
-        self.header.machine
-    }
-
-    pub fn entry(&self) -> usize {
-        self.header.entry as usize
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct ProgramHeaders<'a> {
-    bytes: &'a [u8],
-    class: ElfClass,
-    endianness: Endianness,
-    entry_size: usize,
-    remaining: usize,
-}
-
-impl<'a> Iterator for ProgramHeaders<'a> {
-    type Item = Result<ProgramHeader, ElfError>;
-
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        if self.remaining == 0 {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        let entry = match self.bytes.get(..self.entry_size) {
-            Some(entry) => entry,
-            None => {
-                self.remaining = 0;
-                return None;
-            }
-        };
-
-        self.bytes = &self.bytes[self.entry_size..];
-        self.remaining -= 1;
-
-        Some(ProgramHeader::parse(entry, self.class, self.endianness))
-    }
-
-    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
-        (self.remaining, Some(self.remaining))
-    }
-}
-
-impl ExactSizeIterator for ProgramHeaders<'_> {}
-
-struct Reader<'a> {
-    bytes: &'a [u8],
-    offset: usize,
-    endianness: Endianness,
-}
-
-impl<'a> Reader<'a> {
-    const fn new(bytes: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            bytes,
-            offset: 0,
-            endianness: Endianness::Little,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn set_endianness(&mut self, endianness: Endianness) {
-        self.endianness = endianness;
-    }
-
-    fn read_array<const N: usize>(&mut self) -> Result<[u8; N], ElfError> {
-        let end = self.offset.checked_add(N).ok_or(ElfError::InvalidElf)?;
-        let bytes = self
-            .bytes
-            .get(self.offset..end)
-            .ok_or(ElfError::InvalidElf)?;
-        self.offset = end;
-
-        bytes.try_into().map_err(|_| ElfError::InvalidElf)
-    }
-
-    fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, ElfError> {
-        Ok(self.read_array::<1>()?[0])
-    }
-
-    fn read_u16(&mut self) -> Result<u16, ElfError> {
-        let bytes = self.read_array()?;
-        Ok(match self.endianness {
-            Endianness::Little => u16::from_le_bytes(bytes),
-            Endianness::Big => u16::from_be_bytes(bytes),
+                let end = offset.checked_add(file_size).ok_or(ElfError)?;
+                let data = self.bytes.get(offset..end).ok_or(ElfError)?;
+                let flags = u32_at(h, 4);
+                Ok(Segment {
+                    data,
+                    address,
+                    memory_size,
+                    writable: flags & 2 != 0,
+                    executable: flags & 1 != 0,
+                })
            })
    }
-
-    fn read_u32(&mut self) -> Result<u32, ElfError> {
-        let bytes = self.read_array()?;
-        Ok(match self.endianness {
-            Endianness::Little => u32::from_le_bytes(bytes),
-            Endianness::Big => u32::from_be_bytes(bytes),
-        })
 }

-    fn read_u64(&mut self) -> Result<u64, ElfError> {
-        let bytes = self.read_array()?;
-        Ok(match self.endianness {
-            Endianness::Little => u64::from_le_bytes(bytes),
-            Endianness::Big => u64::from_be_bytes(bytes),
-        })
+// Callers only read fixed offsets within already bounds-checked headers.
+fn u16_at(bytes: &[u8], offset: usize) -> u16 {
+    let mut value = [0; 2];
+    value.copy_from_slice(&bytes[offset..offset + 2]);
+    u16::from_le_bytes(value)
 }

-    fn read_word(&mut self, class: ElfClass) -> Result<u64, ElfError> {
-        match class {
-            ElfClass::Elf32 => Ok(u64::from(self.read_u32()?)),
-            ElfClass::Elf64 => self.read_u64(),
-        }
+fn u32_at(bytes: &[u8], offset: usize) -> u32 {
+    let mut value = [0; 4];
+    value.copy_from_slice(&bytes[offset..offset + 4]);
+    u32::from_le_bytes(value)
 }
+
+fn usize_at(bytes: &[u8], offset: usize) -> usize {
+    let mut value = [0; 8];
+    value.copy_from_slice(&bytes[offset..offset + 8]);
+    u64::from_le_bytes(value) as usize
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#![feature(abi_x86_interrupt)]
 #![allow(clippy::needless_return)]
 #![no_std]
 #![no_main]
@@ -12,12 +11,9 @@ mod platform;
 mod syscall;
 mod task;

-use core::arch::global_asm;
-
 use crate::{
    debug::serial,
-    memory::{AddressSpace, KernelStackPool, MemoryRegionKind, UserStack},
-    task::tcb::Tcb,
+    memory::{AddressSpace, MemoryRegionKind, init_frame_allocator, init_kernel_address_space},
 };

 pub struct KernelHandoff {
@@ -25,7 +21,6 @@ pub struct KernelHandoff {
    address_space: AddressSpace,
    direct_map: memory::DirectMap,
    boot_info: boot::BootInfo,
-    kernel_stack_pool: KernelStackPool,
    handoff_frame: memory::OwnedFrame,
 }

@@ -54,10 +49,8 @@ pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {

    println!("Entering kernel main...");

-    let mut kernel_stack_pool = KernelStackPool::new();
-
-    let kernel_stack = kernel_stack_pool
-        .allocate(&mut address_space, &mut allocator)
+    let kernel_stack =
+        crate::task::scheduler::allocate_kernel_stack(&mut address_space, &mut allocator)
            .expect("failed to allocate bootstrap stack");

    let handoff_frame = allocator
@@ -73,7 +66,6 @@ pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
        address_space,
        direct_map,
        boot_info,
-        kernel_stack_pool,
        handoff_frame,
    };

@@ -91,21 +83,13 @@ pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
 }

 pub unsafe extern "C" fn kernel_main(handoff: *mut KernelHandoff) -> ! {
-    let (
-        mut allocator,
-        mut address_space,
-        direct_map,
-        boot_info,
-        mut kernel_stack_pool,
-        handoff_frame,
-    ) = unsafe {
+    let (mut allocator, mut address_space, direct_map, boot_info, handoff_frame) = unsafe {
        let handoff = handoff.read();
        (
            handoff.allocator,
            handoff.address_space,
            handoff.direct_map,
            handoff.boot_info,
-            handoff.kernel_stack_pool,
            handoff.handoff_frame,
        )
    };
@@ -119,9 +103,6 @@ pub unsafe extern "C" fn kernel_main(handoff: *mut KernelHandoff) -> ! {
        MemoryRegionKind::BootloaderReclaimable,
    );

-    let init_code = format::cpio::find_file(boot_info.initramfs.data(), "init.elf")
-        .expect("Failed to load init program from initramfs");
-
    println!("Initializing local ACPI...",);

    let acpi = platform::acpi::init(&boot_info, direct_map).expect("failed to initialize ACPI");
@@ -135,39 +116,22 @@ pub unsafe extern "C" fn kernel_main(handoff: *mut KernelHandoff) -> ! {

    println!("Initializing interrupt controller...");

-    let interrupt_controller =
+    let _interrupt_controller =
        arch::init_interrupt_controller(&madt, &mut allocator, &mut address_space)
            .expect("failed to initialize interrupt controller");

-    let user_kernel_stack = kernel_stack_pool
-        .allocate(&mut address_space, &mut allocator)
-        .expect("failed to allocate task kernel stack");
-
-    let mut user_address_space = address_space
-        .new_user(&mut allocator)
-        .expect("failed to create user address space");
-
-    let image = task::loader::load_elf(
-        init_code,
-        &mut user_address_space,
+    task::bootstrap::spawn(
+        "omega3.elf",
+        &boot_info.initramfs,
+        &mut address_space,
        &mut allocator,
        direct_map,
    );

-    let user_stack = UserStack::allocate(&mut user_address_space, &mut allocator)
-        .expect("failed to allocate user stack");
-    let task = Tcb::new_user(
-        0, // overwritten by add_task for now
-        user_address_space,
-        user_kernel_stack,
-        image.expect("Failed to load elf"),
-        user_stack.top(),
-    );
+    init_frame_allocator(allocator);
+    init_kernel_address_space(address_space);

-    task::scheduler::add_task(task).expect("scheduler is full");
    task::scheduler::start();
-
-    hcf();
 }

 #[panic_handler]
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use core::cell::UnsafeCell;
+
 use crate::{
    arch::{PageTable, PageTableCreateError, PageTableMapError, PageTableUnmapError, PagingConfig},
    memory::{
@@ -6,6 +8,111 @@ use crate::{
    },
 };

+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct AddressSpaceId(usize);
+
+const MAX_ADDRESS_SPACES: usize = 32;
+struct AddressSpaceTable {
+    entries: [Option<AddressSpace>; MAX_ADDRESS_SPACES],
+}
+
+impl AddressSpaceTable {
+    const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            entries: [const { None }; MAX_ADDRESS_SPACES],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn insert(&mut self, address_space: AddressSpace) -> Result<AddressSpaceId, AddressSpace> {
+        for (i, slot) in self.entries.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            if slot.is_none() {
+                *slot = Some(address_space);
+                return Ok(AddressSpaceId(i));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Err(address_space)
+    }
+
+    fn get(&self, id: AddressSpaceId) -> Option<&AddressSpace> {
+        self.entries.get(id.0).and_then(Option::as_ref)
+    }
+
+    fn get_mut(&mut self, id: AddressSpaceId) -> Option<&mut AddressSpace> {
+        self.entries.get_mut(id.0).and_then(Option::as_mut)
+    }
+
+    fn remove(&mut self, id: AddressSpaceId) -> Option<AddressSpace> {
+        self.entries.get_mut(id.0).and_then(Option::take)
+    }
+}
+
+struct GlobalAddressSpaceTable(UnsafeCell<AddressSpaceTable>);
+
+unsafe impl Sync for GlobalAddressSpaceTable {}
+
+static ADDRESS_SPACE_TABLE: GlobalAddressSpaceTable =
+    GlobalAddressSpaceTable(UnsafeCell::new(AddressSpaceTable::new()));
+
+pub fn insert_address_space(address_space: AddressSpace) -> Result<AddressSpaceId, AddressSpace> {
+    let table = unsafe { &mut *ADDRESS_SPACE_TABLE.0.get() };
+
+    table.insert(address_space)
+}
+
+pub fn remove_address_space(id: AddressSpaceId) -> Option<AddressSpace> {
+    let table = unsafe { &mut *ADDRESS_SPACE_TABLE.0.get() };
+
+    table.remove(id)
+}
+
+pub fn with_address_space<R>(id: AddressSpaceId, f: impl FnOnce(&AddressSpace) -> R) -> Option<R> {
+    let interrupt_state = crate::arch::disable_interrupts_and_save();
+    let table = unsafe { &*ADDRESS_SPACE_TABLE.0.get() };
+    let res = table.get(id).map(f);
+    crate::arch::restore_interrupts(interrupt_state);
+    res
+}
+
+pub fn with_address_space_mut<R>(
+    id: AddressSpaceId,
+    f: impl FnOnce(&mut AddressSpace) -> R,
+) -> Option<R> {
+    let interrupt_state = crate::arch::disable_interrupts_and_save();
+    let table = unsafe { &mut *ADDRESS_SPACE_TABLE.0.get() };
+    let res = table.get_mut(id).map(f);
+    crate::arch::restore_interrupts(interrupt_state);
+    res
+}
+
+struct GlobalKernelAddressSpace(UnsafeCell<Option<AddressSpace>>);
+
+unsafe impl Sync for GlobalKernelAddressSpace {}
+
+static KERNEL_ADDRESS_SPACE: GlobalKernelAddressSpace =
+    GlobalKernelAddressSpace(UnsafeCell::new(None));
+
+pub fn init_kernel_address_space(address_space: AddressSpace) {
+    let interrupt_state = crate::arch::disable_interrupts_and_save();
+    unsafe {
+        *KERNEL_ADDRESS_SPACE.0.get() = Some(address_space);
+    }
+    crate::arch::restore_interrupts(interrupt_state);
+}
+
+pub fn with_kernel_address_space<R>(f: impl FnOnce(&mut AddressSpace) -> R) -> R {
+    let interrupt_state = crate::arch::disable_interrupts_and_save();
+    let space = unsafe {
+        (&mut *KERNEL_ADDRESS_SPACE.0.get())
+            .as_mut()
+            .expect("kernel address space not initialized")
+    };
+    let res = f(space);
+    crate::arch::restore_interrupts(interrupt_state);
+    res
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum MapError {
    InvalidVirtualAddress,
@@ -82,13 +189,17 @@ impl From<PageTableCreateError> for AddressSpaceCreateError {
    }
 }

-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct PageTableMapping {
+    pub permissions: PagePermissions,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
 enum AddressSpaceKind {
    Kernel,
    User,
 }

-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct AddressSpace {
    root: PageTable,
    kind: AddressSpaceKind,
@@ -326,6 +437,10 @@ impl AddressSpace {
        self.root.to_virtual(physical_addr)
    }

+    pub fn mapping(&self, virtual_addr: VirtualAddr) -> Option<PageTableMapping> {
+        self.root.mapping(virtual_addr)
+    }
+
    pub unsafe fn activate(&self) {
        unsafe { self.root.activate() }
    }
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use core::cell::UnsafeCell;
+
 use crate::memory::{DirectMap, MemoryRegion, MemoryRegionKind, PhysicalAddr, VirtualAddr};

 pub const FRAME_SIZE: usize = 4096;
@@ -12,15 +14,57 @@ pub fn align_down_to_frame(addr: usize) -> usize {
 }

 #[repr(u8)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 enum FrameState {
    Reserved = 0b00,
    Free = 0b01,
    Allocated = 0b10,
 }

+struct GlobalFrameAllocator(UnsafeCell<Option<FrameAllocator>>);
+unsafe impl Sync for GlobalFrameAllocator {}
+
+static FRAME_ALLOCATOR: GlobalFrameAllocator = GlobalFrameAllocator(UnsafeCell::new(None));
+
+pub fn init_global(allocator: FrameAllocator) {
+    let interrupt_state = crate::arch::disable_interrupts_and_save();
+    unsafe {
+        *FRAME_ALLOCATOR.0.get() = Some(allocator);
+    }
+    crate::arch::restore_interrupts(interrupt_state);
+}
+
+pub fn alloc_frame() -> Option<OwnedFrame> {
+    let interrupt_state = crate::arch::disable_interrupts_and_save();
+    let allocator = unsafe { &mut *FRAME_ALLOCATOR.0.get() };
+    let frame = allocator.as_mut().and_then(|a| a.alloc());
+    crate::arch::restore_interrupts(interrupt_state);
+    frame
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn dealloc_frame(frame: OwnedFrame) {
+    let interrupt_state = crate::arch::disable_interrupts_and_save();
+    let allocator = unsafe { &mut *FRAME_ALLOCATOR.0.get() };
+    if let Some(a) = allocator.as_mut() {
+        unsafe { a.dealloc(frame) };
+    }
+    crate::arch::restore_interrupts(interrupt_state);
+}
+
+#[allow(unused)]
+pub fn with_allocator<R>(f: impl FnOnce(&mut FrameAllocator) -> R) -> R {
+    let interrupt_state = crate::arch::disable_interrupts_and_save();
+    let allocator = unsafe {
+        (&mut *FRAME_ALLOCATOR.0.get())
+            .as_mut()
+            .expect("frame allocator not initialized")
+    };
+    let result = f(allocator);
+    crate::arch::restore_interrupts(interrupt_state);
+    result
+}
+
 // 64 KiB per GiB
-#[derive(Debug)]
 struct Bitmap {
    start: VirtualAddr,
    frame_count: usize,
@@ -70,7 +114,6 @@ pub enum FrameAllocatorInitError {
 }

 // very very simple bitmap frame/page allocator
-#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct FrameAllocator {
    bitmap: Bitmap,
    next_search: usize,
@@ -327,7 +370,6 @@ impl FrameAddr {
 }

 // specifically not Clone or Copy
-#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct OwnedFrame {
    frame: FrameAddr,
 }
@@ -6,8 +6,15 @@ mod user;
 use core::ops::Add;

 #[allow(unused)]
-pub use address_space::{AddressSpace, AddressSpaceCreateError, MapError, UnmapError};
-pub use frame::{FRAME_SIZE, FrameAddr, FrameAllocator, OwnedFrame};
+pub use address_space::{
+    AddressSpace, AddressSpaceCreateError, AddressSpaceId, MapError, PageTableMapping, UnmapError,
+    init_kernel_address_space, insert_address_space, remove_address_space, with_address_space,
+    with_address_space_mut, with_kernel_address_space,
+};
+pub use frame::{
+    FRAME_SIZE, FrameAddr, FrameAllocator, OwnedFrame, alloc_frame, dealloc_frame,
+    init_global as init_frame_allocator, with_allocator,
+};
 #[allow(unused)]
 pub use stack::{KernelStack, KernelStackPool, StackCreateError, UserStack};
 #[allow(unused)]
@@ -31,8 +38,6 @@ impl<const N: usize> BootString<N> {
    }
 }

-const MAX_MODULE_PATH_LENGTH: usize = 256;
-
 pub struct InitramfsImage {
    pub start: VirtualAddr,
    pub length: usize,
@@ -55,7 +60,7 @@ pub struct KernelMemoryLayout {
    pub segments: [KernelSegment; 3],
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct PagePermissions {
    pub writable: bool,
    pub executable: bool,
@@ -117,7 +122,7 @@ impl Add<usize> for VirtualAddr {
 }

 #[repr(u8)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum MemoryRegionKind {
    Usable,
    Reserved,
@@ -130,20 +135,20 @@ pub enum MemoryRegionKind {
    MappedReserved,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum CachePolicy {
    Uncacheable,
    WriteBack,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct MemoryRegion {
    pub start: PhysicalAddr,
    pub length: usize,
    pub kind: MemoryRegionKind,
 }

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct DirectMap {
    offset: usize,
 }
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ pub struct KernelStackPool {
 }

 impl KernelStackPool {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
        Self { free_slots: 0 }
    }

@@ -237,8 +237,13 @@ impl KernelStackPool {
        Err(StackCreateError::OutOfStacks)
    }

-    pub fn free(&mut self, stack: &KernelStack) {
+    pub fn free(&mut self, stack: KernelStack) {
        let slot = (stack.top().as_usize() - KERNEL_STACK_BASE) / KERNEL_SLOT_SIZE - 1;
+        crate::memory::with_kernel_address_space(|kernel_as| {
+            crate::memory::with_allocator(|allocator| unsafe {
+                stack.destroy(kernel_as, allocator)
+            });
+        });
        self.free_slots &= !(1 << slot);
    }
 }
@@ -1,9 +1,51 @@
-use crate::{memory::VirtualAddr, syscall::Status};
+use crate::{
+    memory::{FRAME_SIZE, VirtualAddr, address_space::AddressSpaceId, with_address_space},
+    syscall::Status,
+};

 pub const USER_SPACE_END: VirtualAddr = VirtualAddr::new(0x0000_8000_0000_0000);

-pub fn copy_from_user(src: VirtualAddr, dst: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), Status> {
-    // TODO: guard against unmapped pages
+pub fn validate_user_range(
+    as_id: AddressSpaceId,
+    start: VirtualAddr,
+    len: usize,
+    writable: bool,
+) -> Result<(), Status> {
+    let start_addr = start.as_usize();
+    let end_addr = start_addr.checked_add(len).ok_or(Status::BadAddress)?;
+
+    if start_addr >= USER_SPACE_END.as_usize() || end_addr > USER_SPACE_END.as_usize() {
+        return Err(Status::BadAddress);
+    }
+
+    if len == 0 {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let page_start = start_addr & !(FRAME_SIZE - 1);
+    for page in (page_start..end_addr).step_by(FRAME_SIZE) {
+        let is_valid = with_address_space(as_id, |address_space| {
+            address_space
+                .mapping(VirtualAddr::new(page))
+                .is_some_and(|mapping| {
+                    mapping.permissions.user_accessible
+                        && (!writable || mapping.permissions.writable)
+                })
+        })
+        .ok_or(Status::BadAddress)?;
+
+        if !is_valid {
+            return Err(Status::BadAddress);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// The caller must ensure that the user address range is valid, mapped, and user-accessible (e.g. via [`validate_user_range`]).
+pub unsafe fn copy_from_user(src: VirtualAddr, dst: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), Status> {
    let end = src
        .as_usize()
        .checked_add(dst.len())
@@ -19,7 +61,10 @@ pub fn copy_from_user(src: VirtualAddr, dst: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), Status> {
    Ok(())
 }

-pub fn copy_to_user(dst: VirtualAddr, src: &[u8]) -> Result<(), Status> {
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// The caller must ensure that the user address range is valid, mapped, user-accessible, and writable (e.g. via [`validate_user_range`]).
+pub unsafe fn copy_to_user(dst: VirtualAddr, src: &[u8]) -> Result<(), Status> {
    let end = dst
        .as_usize()
        .checked_add(src.len())
@@ -35,7 +80,10 @@ pub fn copy_to_user(dst: VirtualAddr, src: &[u8]) -> Result<(), Status> {
    Ok(())
 }

-pub fn copy_val_to_user<T: Copy>(dst: VirtualAddr, val: &T) -> Result<(), Status> {
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// The caller must ensure that the user address is valid, mapped, user-accessible, and writable (e.g. via [`validate_user_range`]).
+pub unsafe fn copy_val_to_user<T: Copy>(dst: VirtualAddr, val: &T) -> Result<(), Status> {
    if dst.as_usize() % core::mem::align_of::<T>() != 0 {
        return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
    }
@@ -54,7 +102,11 @@ pub fn copy_val_to_user<T: Copy>(dst: VirtualAddr, val: &T) -> Result<(), Status
    Ok(())
 }

-pub fn copy_val_from_user<T: Copy>(src: VirtualAddr) -> Result<T, Status> {
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// The caller must ensure that the user address is valid, mapped, and user-accessible (e.g. via [`validate_user_range`]).
+#[allow(unused)]
+pub unsafe fn copy_val_from_user<T: Copy>(src: VirtualAddr) -> Result<T, Status> {
    if src.as_usize() % core::mem::align_of::<T>() != 0 {
        return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
    }
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ pub enum AcpiError {
    MultipleIoApicsUnsupported,
 }

-#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct AcpiTables {
    direct_map: DirectMap,
    root: RootTable,
@@ -215,7 +214,6 @@ impl AcpiTables {
    }
 }

-#[derive(Debug)]
 enum RootTable {
    Rsdt(Sdt),
    Xsdt(Sdt),
@@ -251,7 +249,7 @@ impl RootTable {
 }

 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 struct Rsdp {
    signature: [u8; 8],
    checksum: u8,
@@ -261,7 +259,7 @@ struct Rsdp {
 }

 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 struct Xsdp {
    rsdp: Rsdp,
    length: u32,
@@ -271,7 +269,7 @@ struct Xsdp {
 }

 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 struct SDTHeader {
    signature: [u8; 4],
    length: u32,
@@ -284,14 +282,12 @@ struct SDTHeader {
    creator_revision: u32,
 }

-#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Sdt {
    physical_addr: PhysicalAddr,
    length: usize,
    signature: [u8; 4],
 }

-#[derive(Debug)]
 #[allow(unused)]
 pub struct Madt<'a> {
    acpi: &'a AcpiTables,
@@ -301,7 +297,7 @@ pub struct Madt<'a> {
 }

 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 struct MadtBody {
    local_apic_address: u32,
    flags: u32,
@@ -543,21 +539,20 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for MadtEntries<'a> {
 }

 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct MadtEntryHeader {
    kind: u8,
    length: u8,
 }

 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct LocalApicEntry {
    processor_id: u8,
    id: u8,
    flags: u32,
 }

-#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct IoApicInfo {
    pub id: u8,
    pub apic_address: PhysicalAddr,
@@ -565,7 +560,7 @@ pub struct IoApicInfo {
 }

 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct IoApicEntry {
    id: u8,
    reserved: u8,
@@ -574,7 +569,7 @@ pub struct IoApicEntry {
 }

 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct InterruptSourceOverride {
    bus: u8,
    source: u8,
@@ -582,19 +577,19 @@ pub struct InterruptSourceOverride {
    flags: u16,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum InterruptPolarity {
    ActiveHigh,
    ActiveLow,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum TriggerMode {
    Edge,
    Level,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct IsaIrqRoute {
    pub gsi: u32,
    pub polarity: InterruptPolarity,
@@ -602,7 +597,7 @@ pub struct IsaIrqRoute {
 }

 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct IoApicNmiEntry {
    nmi_source: u8,
    reserved: u8,
@@ -611,7 +606,7 @@ pub struct IoApicNmiEntry {
 }

 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct LocalApicNmiEntry {
    processor_id: u8,
    flags: u16,
@@ -619,14 +614,14 @@ pub struct LocalApicNmiEntry {
 }

 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct LocalApicAddressOverride {
    reserved: u16,
    local_apic_address: u64,
 }

 #[repr(C, packed)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct LocalX2ApicEntry {
    reserved: u16,
    local_x2apic_id: u32,
@@ -634,7 +629,7 @@ pub struct LocalX2ApicEntry {
    acpi_processor_uid: u32,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 #[allow(unused)]
 pub enum MadtEntry {
    LocalApic(LocalApicEntry),
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ mod table;

 use table::*;

+use crate::task::tcb::{ExitReason, Fault};
+
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[repr(u64)]
 pub enum Status {
@@ -11,37 +13,75 @@ pub enum Status {
    BadFileDescriptor = 3, // EBADF
    NoSuchTask = 4,        // ESRCH
    OutOfMemory = 5,       // ENOMEM
+    BadHandle = 6,         // EBADH
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[repr(u64)]
 pub enum SyscallNumber {
    Yield = 1,
    Exit = 2,
    Write = 3,
+    Send = 4,
+    Recv = 5,
+    FrameAlloc = 6,
+    FrameDealloc = 7,
+    AsCreate = 8,
+    Map = 9,
+    Unmap = 10,
+    TaskCreate = 11,
 }

 impl TryFrom<u64> for SyscallNumber {
-    type Error = Status;
+    type Error = ();
    fn try_from(val: u64) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        match val {
            1 => Ok(Self::Yield),
            2 => Ok(Self::Exit),
            3 => Ok(Self::Write),
-            _ => Err(Status::InvalidArgument),
+            4 => Ok(Self::Send),
+            5 => Ok(Self::Recv),
+            6 => Ok(Self::FrameAlloc),
+            7 => Ok(Self::FrameDealloc),
+            8 => Ok(Self::AsCreate),
+            9 => Ok(Self::Map),
+            10 => Ok(Self::Unmap),
+            11 => Ok(Self::TaskCreate),
+            _ => Err(()),
        }
    }
 }

-pub fn handle(num: u64, arg0: u64, arg1: u64, arg2: u64, arg3: u64, _arg4: u64, _arg5: u64) -> u64 {
+pub fn handle(num: u64, arg0: u64, arg1: u64, arg2: u64, arg3: u64, arg4: u64, _arg5: u64) -> u64 {
    let result = (|| -> Result<(), Status> {
-        let syscall = SyscallNumber::try_from(num)?;
+        let syscall = SyscallNumber::try_from(num).unwrap_or_else(|_| {
+            crate::task::scheduler::exit_current(ExitReason::Fault(Fault::BadSystemCall))
+        });
+
        match syscall {
            SyscallNumber::Yield => sys_yield(),
            SyscallNumber::Exit => sys_exit(arg0 as usize),
            SyscallNumber::Write => {
                sys_write(arg0 as usize, arg1 as usize, arg2 as usize, arg3 as usize)
            }
+            SyscallNumber::Send => sys_send(arg0 as usize, arg1 as usize, arg2 as usize),
+            SyscallNumber::Recv => {
+                sys_recv(arg0 as usize, arg1 as usize, arg2 as usize, arg3 as usize)
+            }
+            SyscallNumber::FrameAlloc => sys_frame_alloc(arg0 as usize),
+            SyscallNumber::FrameDealloc => sys_frame_dealloc(arg0 as usize),
+            SyscallNumber::AsCreate => sys_as_create(arg0 as usize),
+            SyscallNumber::Map => sys_map(
+                arg0 as usize,
+                arg1 as usize,
+                arg2 as usize,
+                arg3 as usize,
+                arg4 as usize,
+            ),
+            SyscallNumber::Unmap => sys_unmap(arg0 as usize),
+            SyscallNumber::TaskCreate => {
+                sys_task_create(arg0 as usize, arg1 as usize, arg2 as usize, arg3 as usize)
+            }
        }
    })();

@@ -1,4 +1,14 @@
-use crate::memory::{VirtualAddr, copy_from_user, copy_val_to_user};
+use crate::{
+    memory::{
+        FRAME_SIZE, MapError, PagePermissions, USER_SPACE_END, VirtualAddr, copy_from_user,
+        copy_to_user, copy_val_to_user, validate_user_range,
+    },
+    println,
+    task::{
+        scheduler::TaskId,
+        tcb::{BlockReason, ExitReason, Handle, KernelObject, MAX_MSG_SIZE, Message, Rights},
+    },
+};

 use super::Status;

@@ -8,7 +18,7 @@ pub fn sys_yield() -> Result<(), Status> {
 }

 pub fn sys_exit(exit_code: usize) -> ! {
-    crate::task::scheduler::exit_current(exit_code);
+    crate::task::scheduler::exit_current(ExitReason::Exited(exit_code));
 }

 pub fn sys_write(fd: usize, buf_ptr: usize, len: usize, out_ptr: usize) -> Result<(), Status> {
@@ -16,18 +26,622 @@ pub fn sys_write(fd: usize, buf_ptr: usize, len: usize, out_ptr: usize) -> Resul
        return Err(Status::BadFileDescriptor);
    }

+    crate::task::scheduler::with_task(crate::task::scheduler::current(), |current_task| {
+        validate_user_range(current_task.as_id, VirtualAddr::new(buf_ptr), len, false)?;
+
+        if out_ptr != 0 {
+            if out_ptr % core::mem::align_of::<usize>() != 0 {
+                return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+            }
+            validate_user_range(
+                current_task.as_id,
+                VirtualAddr::new(out_ptr),
+                core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+                true,
+            )?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .expect("failed to resolve self task")?;
+
    let mut chunk = [0u8; 128];
    let mut written = 0;
    while written < len {
        let n = (len - written).min(chunk.len());
+        unsafe {
            copy_from_user(VirtualAddr::new(buf_ptr + written), &mut chunk[..n])?;
+        }
        crate::debug::serial::write_bytes(&chunk[..n]);
        written += n;
    }

    if out_ptr != 0 {
+        unsafe {
            copy_val_to_user(VirtualAddr::new(out_ptr), &written)?;
        }
+    }

    Ok(())
 }
+
+pub fn sys_send(dest_task_id: usize, msg_ptr: usize, len: usize) -> Result<(), Status> {
+    let dest_task_id = TaskId::new(dest_task_id);
+
+    if len > MAX_MSG_SIZE {
+        return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+    }
+
+    let sender = crate::task::scheduler::current();
+    crate::task::scheduler::with_task(sender, |current_task| {
+        validate_user_range(current_task.as_id, VirtualAddr::new(msg_ptr), len, false)
+    })
+    .expect("failed to resolve self task")?;
+
+    let mut msg_buf = [0u8; MAX_MSG_SIZE];
+    unsafe { copy_from_user(VirtualAddr::new(msg_ptr), &mut msg_buf[..len])? };
+
+    let msg = Message {
+        sender,
+        length: len,
+        data: msg_buf,
+    };
+
+    let should_unblock = crate::task::scheduler::with_task_mut(dest_task_id, |dest_task| {
+        if !dest_task.mailbox.push(msg) {
+            return Err(Status::OutOfMemory);
+        }
+        Ok(matches!(
+            dest_task.state,
+            crate::task::tcb::ThreadState::Blocked(BlockReason::Recv)
+        ))
+    })
+    .ok_or(Status::NoSuchTask)??;
+
+    if should_unblock {
+        crate::task::scheduler::unblock(dest_task_id);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn sys_recv(
+    out_ptr: usize,
+    max_len: usize,
+    out_actual_len: usize,
+    out_sender: usize,
+) -> Result<(), Status> {
+    if out_ptr == 0 {
+        return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+    }
+
+    crate::task::scheduler::with_task(crate::task::scheduler::current(), |current_task| {
+        if current_task.mailbox.len == 0 {
+            crate::task::scheduler::block_current(BlockReason::Recv);
+        }
+
+        validate_user_range(current_task.as_id, VirtualAddr::new(out_ptr), max_len, true)?;
+
+        if out_actual_len != 0 {
+            if out_actual_len % core::mem::align_of::<usize>() != 0 {
+                return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+            }
+            validate_user_range(
+                current_task.as_id,
+                VirtualAddr::new(out_actual_len),
+                core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+                true,
+            )?;
+        }
+
+        if out_sender != 0 {
+            if out_sender % core::mem::align_of::<usize>() != 0 {
+                return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+            }
+            validate_user_range(
+                current_task.as_id,
+                VirtualAddr::new(out_sender),
+                core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+                true,
+            )?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .expect("failed to resolve self task")?;
+
+    let msg =
+        crate::task::scheduler::with_task_mut(crate::task::scheduler::current(), |current_task| {
+            current_task.mailbox.pop().ok_or(Status::NoSuchTask)
+        })
+        .expect("failed to resolve self task")?;
+
+    unsafe {
+        copy_to_user(
+            VirtualAddr::new(out_ptr),
+            &msg.data[..msg.length.min(max_len)],
+        )?;
+        if out_actual_len != 0 {
+            copy_val_to_user(VirtualAddr::new(out_actual_len), &msg.length)?;
+        }
+        if out_sender != 0 {
+            copy_val_to_user(VirtualAddr::new(out_sender), &msg.sender)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn sys_frame_alloc(out_handle: usize) -> Result<(), Status> {
+    if out_handle == 0 {
+        return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+    }
+
+    if out_handle % core::mem::align_of::<usize>() != 0 {
+        return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+    }
+
+    crate::task::scheduler::with_task(crate::task::scheduler::current(), |current_task| {
+        validate_user_range(
+            current_task.as_id,
+            VirtualAddr::new(out_handle),
+            core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+            true,
+        )
+    })
+    .expect("failed to resolve self task")?;
+
+    let frame = crate::memory::alloc_frame().ok_or(Status::OutOfMemory)?;
+
+    let handle = Handle {
+        object: KernelObject::Frame(frame),
+        rights: Rights::READ | Rights::WRITE | Rights::EXECUTE | Rights::MAP,
+    };
+
+    crate::task::scheduler::with_task_mut(crate::task::scheduler::current(), |current_task| {
+        let handle_id = match current_task.handles.push(handle) {
+            Ok(id) => id,
+            Err(handle) => {
+                let frame = match handle.object {
+                    KernelObject::Frame(frame) => frame,
+                    _ => unreachable!("pushed handle was not a frame"),
+                };
+                unsafe { crate::memory::dealloc_frame(frame) };
+                return Err(Status::OutOfMemory);
+            }
+        };
+
+        unsafe { copy_val_to_user(VirtualAddr::new(out_handle), &handle_id) }
+    })
+    .expect("failed to resolve self task")
+}
+
+pub fn sys_frame_dealloc(frame_handle_id: usize) -> Result<(), Status> {
+    crate::task::scheduler::with_task_mut(crate::task::scheduler::current(), |task| {
+        let frame_handle = task
+            .handles
+            .take(frame_handle_id)
+            .ok_or(Status::BadHandle)?;
+        match frame_handle.object {
+            KernelObject::Frame(frame_addr) => {
+                unsafe { crate::memory::dealloc_frame(frame_addr) };
+
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            _ => {
+                // Wrong-type operations must not consume the handle
+                match task.handles.put(frame_handle_id, frame_handle) {
+                    Ok(_) => {}
+                    Err(_) => panic!("taken handle was unexpectedly occupied"),
+                }
+
+                return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+            }
+        }
+    })
+    .expect("failed to resolve self task")
+}
+
+pub fn sys_as_create(out_handle: usize) -> Result<(), Status> {
+    if out_handle == 0 {
+        return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+    }
+
+    if out_handle % core::mem::align_of::<usize>() != 0 {
+        return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+    }
+
+    let new_as =
+        crate::task::scheduler::with_task(crate::task::scheduler::current(), |current_task| {
+            validate_user_range(
+                current_task.as_id,
+                VirtualAddr::new(out_handle),
+                core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+                true,
+            )?;
+
+            let new_as = match crate::memory::with_address_space(current_task.as_id, |caller_as| {
+                crate::memory::with_allocator(|allocator| caller_as.new_user(allocator))
+            }) {
+                Some(Ok(as_space)) => as_space,
+                _ => return Err(Status::OutOfMemory),
+            };
+
+            Ok(new_as)
+        })
+        .expect("failed to resolve self task")?;
+
+    let as_id = match crate::memory::insert_address_space(new_as) {
+        Ok(id) => id,
+        Err(addr_space) => {
+            crate::memory::with_allocator(|allocator| unsafe { addr_space.destroy(allocator) });
+            return Err(Status::OutOfMemory);
+        }
+    };
+
+    let handle = Handle {
+        object: KernelObject::AddressSpace(as_id),
+        rights: Rights::READ | Rights::WRITE | Rights::EXECUTE,
+    };
+
+    crate::task::scheduler::with_task_mut(crate::task::scheduler::current(), |current_task| {
+        let handle_id = match current_task.handles.push(handle) {
+            Ok(id) => id,
+            Err(handle) => {
+                let address_space = match handle.object {
+                    KernelObject::AddressSpace(as_id) => crate::memory::remove_address_space(as_id)
+                        .expect("address space was just inserted"),
+                    _ => unreachable!("pushed handle was not an address space"),
+                };
+                crate::memory::with_allocator(|allocator| unsafe {
+                    address_space.destroy(allocator)
+                });
+                return Err(Status::OutOfMemory);
+            }
+        };
+
+        unsafe { copy_val_to_user(VirtualAddr::new(out_handle), &handle_id) }
+    })
+    .expect("failed to resolve self task")
+}
+
+pub fn sys_map(
+    as_handle: usize,
+    frame_handle: usize,
+    virtual_addr: usize,
+    permissions: usize,
+    out_handle: usize,
+) -> Result<(), Status> {
+    if out_handle == 0 || out_handle % core::mem::align_of::<usize>() != 0 {
+        return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+    }
+
+    if virtual_addr % FRAME_SIZE != 0 || permissions & !0b11 != 0 {
+        return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+    }
+
+    let writable = permissions & (1 << 0) != 0;
+    let executable = permissions & (1 << 1) != 0;
+
+    let end = virtual_addr
+        .checked_add(FRAME_SIZE)
+        .ok_or(Status::InvalidArgument)?;
+    if end > USER_SPACE_END.as_usize() {
+        return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+    }
+
+    let current_task = crate::task::scheduler::current();
+    let as_id = crate::task::scheduler::with_task(current_task, |task| {
+        validate_user_range(
+            task.as_id,
+            VirtualAddr::new(out_handle),
+            core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+            true,
+        )?;
+
+        let as_handle = task.handles.get(as_handle).ok_or(Status::BadHandle)?;
+        let as_id = match as_handle.object {
+            KernelObject::AddressSpace(as_id) => as_id,
+            _ => return Err(Status::InvalidArgument),
+        };
+        if as_handle.rights.0 & Rights::WRITE.0 == 0 {
+            return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+        }
+
+        let frame_handle = task.handles.get(frame_handle).ok_or(Status::BadHandle)?;
+        if !matches!(frame_handle.object, KernelObject::Frame(_)) {
+            return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+        }
+
+        let mut required_rights = Rights::READ | Rights::MAP;
+        if writable {
+            required_rights = required_rights | Rights::WRITE;
+        }
+        if executable {
+            required_rights = required_rights | Rights::EXECUTE;
+        }
+        if frame_handle.rights.0 & required_rights.0 != required_rights.0 {
+            return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+        }
+
+        Ok(as_id)
+    })
+    .expect("failed to resolve self task")?;
+
+    let handle = crate::task::scheduler::with_task_mut(current_task, |task| {
+        task.handles.take(frame_handle).ok_or(Status::BadHandle)
+    })
+    .expect("failed to resolve self task")?;
+
+    let Handle { object, rights } = handle;
+    let KernelObject::Frame(frame) = object else {
+        panic!("validated frame handle changed before it was taken");
+    };
+
+    let permissions = PagePermissions::new(writable, executable, true);
+    let virtual_addr = VirtualAddr::new(virtual_addr);
+
+    let map_result = crate::memory::with_address_space_mut(as_id, |target_as| {
+        crate::memory::with_allocator(|allocator| {
+            target_as.map(
+                frame.frame_address().start_address(),
+                virtual_addr,
+                permissions,
+                allocator,
+                crate::memory::CachePolicy::WriteBack,
+            )
+        })
+    })
+    .expect("failed to resolve self address space");
+
+    match map_result {
+        Ok(_) => {
+            crate::task::scheduler::with_task_mut(crate::task::scheduler::current(), |task| {
+                match task.handles.put(
+                    frame_handle,
+                    Handle {
+                        object: KernelObject::Mapping {
+                            frame,
+                            address_space: as_id,
+                            virtual_addr,
+                        },
+                        rights,
+                    },
+                ) {
+                    Ok(_) => {}
+                    Err(_) => panic!("taken handle was unexpectedly occupied"),
+                }
+            });
+
+            unsafe {
+                copy_val_to_user(VirtualAddr::new(out_handle), &frame_handle)
+                    .expect("out_handle has already been checked")
+            }
+
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Err(err) => {
+            crate::task::scheduler::with_task_mut(current_task, |task| {
+                match task.handles.put(
+                    frame_handle,
+                    Handle {
+                        object: KernelObject::Frame(frame),
+                        rights,
+                    },
+                ) {
+                    Ok(_) => {}
+                    Err(_) => panic!("taken handle was unexpectedly occupied"),
+                }
+            })
+            .expect("failed to resolve self task");
+
+            match err {
+                MapError::AlreadyMapped | MapError::UnsupportedPermissions => {
+                    Err(Status::InvalidArgument)
+                }
+                MapError::OutOfMemory => Err(Status::OutOfMemory),
+                MapError::InvalidVirtualAddress
+                | MapError::VirtualAddressUnaligned
+                | MapError::PhysicalAddressTooLarge
+                | MapError::PhysicalAddressUnaligned
+                | MapError::RangeLengthUnaligned
+                | MapError::AddressOverflow
+                | MapError::MappingConflict
+                | MapError::PageTableUnavailable
+                | MapError::CorruptedPageTable
+                | MapError::InvalidUserAddress
+                | MapError::InvalidUserMap => {
+                    panic!("validated user mapping failed with an impossible error: {err:?}")
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn sys_unmap(mapping_handle: usize) -> Result<(), Status> {
+    let handle = crate::task::scheduler::with_task_mut(crate::task::scheduler::current(), |task| {
+        task.handles.take(mapping_handle).ok_or(Status::BadHandle)
+    })
+    .expect("failed to resolve self task")?;
+
+    let Handle { object, rights } = handle;
+
+    let KernelObject::Mapping {
+        frame,
+        address_space,
+        virtual_addr,
+    } = object
+    else {
+        // Wrong-type operations must not consume the handle
+        crate::task::scheduler::with_task_mut(crate::task::scheduler::current(), |task| match task
+            .handles
+            .put(mapping_handle, Handle { object, rights })
+        {
+            Ok(_) => {}
+            Err(_) => panic!("taken handle was unexpectedly occupied"),
+        })
+        .expect("failed to resolve self task");
+
+        return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+    };
+
+    let unmap_result = crate::memory::with_address_space_mut(address_space, |target_as| {
+        crate::memory::with_allocator(|allocator| unsafe {
+            target_as.unmap(virtual_addr, allocator)
+        })
+    });
+
+    match unmap_result {
+        Some(Ok(unmapped_frame)) => {
+            if unmapped_frame == frame.frame_address() {
+                crate::task::scheduler::with_task_mut(crate::task::scheduler::current(), |task| {
+                    match task.handles.put(
+                        mapping_handle,
+                        Handle {
+                            object: KernelObject::Frame(frame),
+                            rights,
+                        },
+                    ) {
+                        Ok(_) => {}
+                        Err(_) => panic!("taken handle was unexpectedly occupied"),
+                    }
+                });
+
+                Ok(())
+            } else {
+                panic!("unmap resulted in a frame that was not the one we expected")
+            }
+        }
+        Some(Err(err)) => {
+            // every unmapping error should be impossible to occur
+            panic!("failed to unmap: {err:?}");
+        }
+        None => {
+            crate::task::scheduler::with_task_mut(crate::task::scheduler::current(), |task| {
+                match task.handles.put(
+                    mapping_handle,
+                    Handle {
+                        object: KernelObject::Mapping {
+                            frame: frame,
+                            address_space,
+                            virtual_addr,
+                        },
+                        rights,
+                    },
+                ) {
+                    Ok(_) => {}
+                    Err(_) => panic!("taken handle was unexpectedly occupied"),
+                }
+            });
+
+            Err(Status::BadHandle)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn sys_task_create(
+    as_handle: usize,
+    entry: usize,
+    user_stack: usize,
+    out_task_handle: usize,
+) -> Result<(), Status> {
+    if entry == 0 || user_stack == 0 || out_task_handle == 0 {
+        return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+    }
+
+    if entry >= USER_SPACE_END.as_usize() || user_stack > USER_SPACE_END.as_usize() {
+        return Err(Status::BadAddress);
+    }
+
+    if out_task_handle % core::mem::align_of::<usize>() != 0 {
+        return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+    }
+
+    let as_id =
+        crate::task::scheduler::with_task(crate::task::scheduler::current(), |current_task| {
+            validate_user_range(
+                current_task.as_id,
+                VirtualAddr::new(out_task_handle),
+                core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+                true,
+            )?;
+
+            let as_handle = current_task
+                .handles
+                .get(as_handle)
+                .ok_or(Status::BadHandle)?;
+            let as_id = match as_handle.object {
+                KernelObject::AddressSpace(as_id) => as_id,
+                _ => return Err(Status::InvalidArgument),
+            };
+
+            if as_handle.rights.0 & Rights::EXECUTE.0 == 0 {
+                return Err(Status::InvalidArgument);
+            }
+
+            Ok(as_id)
+        })
+        .expect("failed to resolve self task")?;
+
+    if crate::memory::with_address_space(as_id, |_| ()).is_none() {
+        return Err(Status::BadHandle);
+    }
+
+    let stack_probe = user_stack.checked_sub(1).ok_or(Status::BadAddress)?;
+    validate_user_range(as_id, VirtualAddr::new(stack_probe), 1, true)?;
+
+    let entry_is_valid = crate::memory::with_address_space(as_id, |address_space| {
+        address_space
+            .mapping(VirtualAddr::new(entry))
+            .is_some_and(|mapping| {
+                mapping.permissions.user_accessible && mapping.permissions.executable
+            })
+    })
+    .ok_or(Status::BadHandle)?;
+
+    if !entry_is_valid {
+        return Err(Status::BadAddress);
+    }
+
+    let kernel_stack = match crate::memory::with_kernel_address_space(|kernel_as| {
+        crate::memory::with_allocator(|allocator| {
+            crate::task::scheduler::allocate_kernel_stack(kernel_as, allocator)
+        })
+    }) {
+        Ok(stack) => stack,
+        Err(err) => {
+            println!("Failed to allocate kernel stack: {:?}", err);
+            return Err(Status::OutOfMemory);
+        }
+    };
+
+    let new_tcb = crate::task::tcb::Tcb::new_user(
+        as_id,
+        kernel_stack,
+        VirtualAddr::new(entry),
+        VirtualAddr::new(user_stack),
+    );
+
+    let new_task_id = match crate::task::scheduler::add_task(new_tcb) {
+        Ok(id) => id,
+        Err(_) => return Err(Status::OutOfMemory),
+    };
+
+    let handle = Handle {
+        object: KernelObject::Thread(new_task_id),
+        rights: Rights::READ | Rights::WRITE | Rights::EXECUTE,
+    };
+
+    crate::task::scheduler::with_task_mut(crate::task::scheduler::current(), |current_task| {
+        let handle_id = match current_task.handles.push(handle) {
+            Ok(id) => id,
+            Err(_) => {
+                crate::task::scheduler::remove_task(new_task_id);
+                return Err(Status::OutOfMemory);
+            }
+        };
+
+        unsafe { copy_val_to_user(VirtualAddr::new(out_task_handle), &handle_id) }
+    })
+    .expect("failed to resolve self task")
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+use crate::{
+    format,
+    memory::{
+        self, AddressSpace, DirectMap, FRAME_SIZE, FrameAllocator, InitramfsImage, PagePermissions,
+        UserStack, VirtualAddr,
+    },
+    task::{scheduler::TaskId, tcb::Tcb},
+};
+
+pub fn spawn(
+    name: &str,
+    initramfs: &InitramfsImage,
+    kernel_as: &mut AddressSpace,
+    allocator: &mut FrameAllocator,
+    direct_map: DirectMap,
+) -> TaskId {
+    let bytes = format::cpio::find_file(initramfs.data(), name)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{name} missing from initramfs"));
+    let kernel_stack = crate::task::scheduler::allocate_kernel_stack(kernel_as, allocator)
+        .expect("kernel stack allocation failed");
+
+    let initramfs_physical_addr = kernel_as
+        .to_physical(initramfs.start)
+        .expect("failed to translate initramfs start address");
+
+    let mut address_space = kernel_as
+        .new_user(allocator)
+        .expect("address space allocation failed");
+    address_space
+        .map_range(
+            initramfs_physical_addr,
+            VirtualAddr::new(0x4000_0000),
+            ((initramfs.length) + 0xFFF) & !0xFFF,
+            PagePermissions::new(true, false, true),
+            allocator,
+            memory::CachePolicy::WriteBack,
+        )
+        .expect("failed to map initramfs");
+    let user_stack =
+        UserStack::allocate(&mut address_space, allocator).expect("user stack allocation failed");
+
+    let entry = load_elf(bytes, &mut address_space, allocator, direct_map).expect("invalid ELF");
+
+    let as_id = match crate::memory::insert_address_space(address_space) {
+        Ok(id) => id,
+        Err(_) => {
+            panic!("address space table is full");
+        }
+    };
+
+    let task = Tcb::new_user(as_id, kernel_stack, entry, user_stack.top());
+    crate::task::scheduler::add_task(task).expect("scheduler is full")
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum ElfLoadError {
+    AddressTranslationFailed,
+    FailedToMapSegment,
+    OutOfMemory,
+    InvalidElf,
+}
+
+fn load_elf(
+    bytes: &[u8],
+    user_address_space: &mut AddressSpace,
+    allocator: &mut FrameAllocator,
+    direct_map: DirectMap,
+) -> Result<VirtualAddr, ElfLoadError> {
+    let program = format::elf::Elf::parse(bytes).map_err(|_| ElfLoadError::InvalidElf)?;
+    let mut executable_entry = false;
+
+    for segment in program.segments() {
+        let segment = segment.map_err(|_| ElfLoadError::InvalidElf)?;
+        let end = segment
+            .address
+            .checked_add(segment.memory_size)
+            .filter(|&end| end <= memory::USER_SPACE_END.as_usize())
+            .ok_or(ElfLoadError::InvalidElf)?;
+        if segment.memory_size == 0 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        executable_entry |= segment.executable && (segment.address..end).contains(&program.entry);
+
+        let page_start = segment.address & !(FRAME_SIZE - 1);
+        let file_end = segment.address + segment.data.len();
+        let permissions = PagePermissions::new(segment.writable, segment.executable, true);
+
+        // Overlapping segment pages are rejected by map(), including stack/archive collisions.
+        for page in (page_start..end).step_by(FRAME_SIZE) {
+            let frame = allocator.alloc_nozero().ok_or(ElfLoadError::OutOfMemory)?;
+            let physical = frame.frame_address().start_address();
+            let Some(destination) = direct_map.translate(physical) else {
+                unsafe { allocator.dealloc(frame) };
+                return Err(ElfLoadError::AddressTranslationFailed);
+            };
+
+            let copy_start = page.max(segment.address).min(page + FRAME_SIZE);
+            let copy_end = (page + FRAME_SIZE).min(file_end).max(copy_start);
+            let prefix = copy_start - page;
+            let copied = copy_end - copy_start;
+            unsafe {
+                let destination = destination.as_mut_ptr::<u8>();
+                // Initialize padding and BSS, but don't zero bytes we're about to overwrite.
+                core::ptr::write_bytes(destination, 0, prefix);
+                if copied != 0 {
+                    core::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
+                        segment.data.as_ptr().add(copy_start - segment.address),
+                        destination.add(prefix),
+                        copied,
+                    );
+                }
+                core::ptr::write_bytes(
+                    destination.add(prefix + copied),
+                    0,
+                    FRAME_SIZE - prefix - copied,
+                );
+            }
+
+            if user_address_space
+                .map(
+                    physical,
+                    VirtualAddr::new(page),
+                    permissions,
+                    allocator,
+                    memory::CachePolicy::WriteBack,
+                )
+                .is_err()
+            {
+                unsafe { allocator.dealloc(frame) };
+                return Err(ElfLoadError::FailedToMapSegment);
+            }
+            let _ = frame.into_raw();
+        }
+    }
+
+    if !executable_entry {
+        return Err(ElfLoadError::InvalidElf);
+    }
+    Ok(VirtualAddr::new(program.entry))
+}
@@ -1,212 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    format,
-    memory::{
-        self, AddressSpace, DirectMap, FRAME_SIZE, FrameAllocator, OwnedFrame, PagePermissions,
-        VirtualAddr,
-    },
-    println,
-};
-
-const MAX_LOAD_SEGMENTS: usize = 32;
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct LoadedRegion {
-    start: VirtualAddr,
-    mapped_pages: usize,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct LoadedImage {
-    pub entry: VirtualAddr,
-    regions: [LoadedRegion; MAX_LOAD_SEGMENTS],
-    region_count: usize,
-}
-
-impl LoadedImage {
-    /// # Safety
-    /// The supplied address space must contain this image's original mappings.
-    /// Its frames must be exclusively owned by this image and no longer in use.
-    pub unsafe fn destroy(self, address_space: &mut AddressSpace, allocator: &mut FrameAllocator) {
-        for region in self.regions[..self.region_count].iter().rev() {
-            for page in (0..region.mapped_pages).rev() {
-                let address = VirtualAddr::new(region.start.as_usize() + page * FRAME_SIZE);
-                let frame = unsafe {
-                    address_space
-                        .unmap(address, allocator)
-                        .expect("loaded image mapping was unexpectedly missing")
-                };
-                unsafe { allocator.dealloc(OwnedFrame::from_raw(frame)) };
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum ElfLoadError {
-    AddressTranslationFailed,
-    FailedToMapSegment,
-    AddressOverflow,
-    InvalidStack,
-    OutOfMemory,
-    InvalidElf,
-    TooManyLoadSegments,
-}
-
-#[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
-fn is_loadable(elf: &format::elf::Elf) -> bool {
-    // on x86_64, we only support ELFs that are either 32 bit x86 or 64 bit x86
-    matches!(
-        elf.machine(),
-        format::elf::ElfIsa::X86 | format::elf::ElfIsa::Amd64
-    )
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(target_arch = "x86_64"))]
-fn is_loadable(elf: &format::elf::Elf) -> bool {
-    false
-}
-
-pub fn load_elf(
-    bytes: &[u8],
-    user_address_space: &mut AddressSpace,
-    allocator: &mut FrameAllocator,
-    direct_map: DirectMap,
-) -> Result<LoadedImage, ElfLoadError> {
-    let program = format::elf::Elf::parse(bytes).map_err(|_| ElfLoadError::InvalidElf)?;
-    if !is_loadable(&program) {
-        return Err(ElfLoadError::InvalidElf);
-    }
-
-    let mut image = LoadedImage {
-        entry: VirtualAddr::new(program.entry()),
-        regions: core::array::from_fn(|_| LoadedRegion {
-            start: VirtualAddr::new(0),
-            mapped_pages: 0,
-        }),
-        region_count: 0,
-    };
-
-    let result = (|| {
-        for header in program
-            .program_headers()
-            .map_err(|_| ElfLoadError::InvalidElf)?
-        {
-            println!("Processing program header: {:?}", header);
-            let header = header.map_err(|_| ElfLoadError::InvalidElf)?;
-
-            if header.file_size > header.memory_size {
-                return Err(ElfLoadError::InvalidElf);
-            }
-
-            match header.segment_type {
-                format::elf::ProgramHeaderType::Load => {
-                    if image.region_count == MAX_LOAD_SEGMENTS {
-                        return Err(ElfLoadError::TooManyLoadSegments);
-                    }
-                    // TODO: give a fuck about alignment
-                    // TODO: handle program segments that overlap
-                    let segment_start = header.virtual_address as usize;
-                    if (program.entry() >= segment_start
-                        && program.entry() < segment_start + header.memory_size as usize)
-                        && header.flags & 0x01 == 0
-                    {
-                        // entry is within NX segment
-                        return Err(ElfLoadError::InvalidElf);
-                    }
-
-                    let page_start = segment_start & !(FRAME_SIZE - 1);
-                    let page_offset = segment_start - page_start;
-
-                    let mapped_length = page_offset
-                        .checked_add(header.memory_size as usize)
-                        .ok_or(ElfLoadError::AddressOverflow)?
-                        .div_ceil(FRAME_SIZE)
-                        * FRAME_SIZE;
-
-                    let frame_count = mapped_length / FRAME_SIZE;
-
-                    let executable = header.flags & 0x01 != 0;
-                    let writable = header.flags & 0x02 != 0;
-                    // TODO: support only-executable segments
-                    // let readable = header.flags & 0x04 != 0;
-
-                    let region = &mut image.regions[image.region_count];
-                    region.start = VirtualAddr::new(page_start);
-                    image.region_count += 1;
-
-                    for i in 0..frame_count {
-                        let frame = allocator.alloc().ok_or(ElfLoadError::OutOfMemory)?;
-
-                        println!(
-                            "Mapping code frame: {:X?} to {:X?}",
-                            frame,
-                            page_start + i * FRAME_SIZE
-                        );
-
-                        if user_address_space
-                            .map(
-                                frame.frame_address().start_address(),
-                                VirtualAddr::new(page_start + i * FRAME_SIZE),
-                                PagePermissions::new(writable, executable, true),
-                                allocator,
-                                memory::CachePolicy::WriteBack,
-                            )
-                            .is_err()
-                        {
-                            unsafe { allocator.dealloc(frame) };
-                            return Err(ElfLoadError::FailedToMapSegment);
-                        }
-
-                        let _ = frame.into_raw();
-                        region.mapped_pages += 1;
-                    }
-
-                    let mut copied = 0;
-
-                    while copied < header.file_size as usize {
-                        let destination = VirtualAddr::new(segment_start + copied);
-                        let physical = user_address_space
-                            .to_physical(destination)
-                            .ok_or(ElfLoadError::AddressTranslationFailed)?;
-                        let direct_mapped = direct_map
-                            .translate(physical)
-                            .ok_or(ElfLoadError::AddressTranslationFailed)?;
-
-                        let page_remaining = FRAME_SIZE - destination.as_usize() % FRAME_SIZE;
-                        let copy_length = page_remaining.min(header.file_size as usize - copied);
-
-                        unsafe {
-                            core::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
-                                program
-                                    .bytes()
-                                    .as_ptr()
-                                    .add(header.file_offset as usize + copied),
-                                direct_mapped.as_mut_ptr(),
-                                copy_length,
-                            );
-                        }
-
-                        copied += copy_length;
-                    }
-                }
-                format::elf::ProgramHeaderType::GnuStack => {
-                    // if the stack is NOT R/W NX, we refuse to map it
-                    if header.flags != 6 {
-                        return Err(ElfLoadError::InvalidStack);
-                    }
-                }
-                _ => {}
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    })();
-
-    if let Err(error) = result {
-        // Only pages created by this load are recorded; none have been handed to a task.
-        unsafe { image.destroy(user_address_space, allocator) };
-        return Err(error);
-    }
-
-    Ok(image)
-}
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-pub mod loader;
+pub mod bootstrap;
 pub mod scheduler;
 pub mod tcb;
@@ -2,19 +2,31 @@ use core::cell::UnsafeCell;

 use crate::{
    arch::ThreadContext,
-    memory::{AddressSpace, VirtualAddr},
+    memory::{
+        AddressSpace, AddressSpaceId, FrameAllocator, KernelStack, KernelStackPool,
+        StackCreateError, VirtualAddr,
+    },
    println,
-    task::tcb::{ExitReason, Tcb, ThreadState},
+    task::tcb::{BlockReason, ExitReason, Handle, KernelObject, Rights, Tcb, ThreadState},
 };

 const MAX_TASKS: usize = 32;

-type TaskId = usize;
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct TaskId(usize);
+
+impl TaskId {
+    pub const fn new(id: usize) -> Self {
+        Self(id)
+    }
+}

 struct Scheduler {
    current: Option<TaskId>,
    tasks: [Option<Tcb>; MAX_TASKS],
    ready: ReadyQueue,
+    stacks: KernelStackPool,
 }

 impl Scheduler {
@@ -23,27 +35,28 @@ impl Scheduler {
            current: None,
            tasks: [const { None }; MAX_TASKS],
            ready: ReadyQueue::new(),
+            stacks: KernelStackPool::new(),
        }
    }

    fn make_switch(&mut self, current_id: TaskId, next_id: TaskId) -> Switch {
        assert_ne!(current_id, next_id);

-        let current = self.tasks[current_id].as_mut().unwrap();
+        let current = self.tasks[current_id.0].as_mut().unwrap();
        let prev_ctx = &mut current.context as *mut ThreadContext;
-        let prev_addr_space = &current.address_space as *const AddressSpace;
+        let prev_as_id = current.as_id;

-        let next = self.tasks[next_id].as_ref().unwrap();
+        let next = self.tasks[next_id.0].as_ref().unwrap();
        let next_ctx = &next.context as *const ThreadContext;
-        let next_addr_space = &next.address_space as *const AddressSpace;
+        let next_as_id = next.as_id;
        let next_kernel_stack = next.kernel_stack.top();

        Switch {
            previous_context: prev_ctx,
            next_context: next_ctx,
-            next_address_space: next_addr_space,
-            next_kernel_stack: next_kernel_stack,
-            activate_address_space: unsafe { *next_addr_space != *prev_addr_space },
+            next_as_id,
+            next_kernel_stack,
+            activate_address_space: next_as_id != prev_as_id,
        }
    }
 }
@@ -51,7 +64,7 @@ impl Scheduler {
 struct Switch {
    previous_context: *mut ThreadContext,
    next_context: *const ThreadContext,
-    next_address_space: *const AddressSpace,
+    next_as_id: AddressSpaceId,
    next_kernel_stack: VirtualAddr,
    activate_address_space: bool,
 }
@@ -59,9 +72,9 @@ struct Switch {
 impl Switch {
    unsafe fn perform(self) {
        if self.activate_address_space {
-            unsafe {
-                (&*self.next_address_space).activate();
-            }
+            crate::memory::with_address_space(self.next_as_id, |as_ref| unsafe {
+                as_ref.activate();
+            });
        }

        crate::arch::set_kernel_stack(self.next_kernel_stack);
@@ -81,7 +94,7 @@ struct ReadyQueue {
 impl ReadyQueue {
    pub const fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
-            entries: [0; MAX_TASKS],
+            entries: [TaskId(0); MAX_TASKS],
            head: 0,
            len: 0,
        }
@@ -110,6 +123,23 @@ impl ReadyQueue {

        Some(task)
    }
+
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, task: TaskId) -> bool {
+        for i in 0..self.len {
+            let idx = (self.head + i) % MAX_TASKS;
+            if self.entries[idx] == task {
+                for j in i..(self.len - 1) {
+                    let from = (self.head + j + 1) % MAX_TASKS;
+                    let to = (self.head + j) % MAX_TASKS;
+                    self.entries[to] = self.entries[from];
+                }
+                self.len -= 1;
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        false
+    }
 }

 struct GlobalScheduler(UnsafeCell<Scheduler>);
@@ -126,9 +156,20 @@ pub fn add_task(mut task: Tcb) -> Result<TaskId, Tcb> {

        match scheduler.tasks.iter().position(Option::is_none) {
            Some(id) => {
+                let id = TaskId(id);
+
                task.id = id;
+
+                match task.handles.push(Handle {
+                    object: KernelObject::Thread(id),
+                    rights: Rights::READ | Rights::WRITE | Rights::EXECUTE,
+                }) {
+                    Ok(_) => {}
+                    Err(_) => unreachable!("Cant push root thread handle"),
+                }
+
                task.state = ThreadState::Ready;
-                scheduler.tasks[id] = Some(task);
+                scheduler.tasks[id.0] = Some(task);
                assert!(scheduler.ready.push_back(id));
                Ok(id)
            }
@@ -149,7 +190,7 @@ pub fn start() -> ! {
        let scheduler = unsafe { &mut *SCHEDULER.0.get() };
        let next_id = scheduler.ready.pop_front().expect("no tasks to run");

-        let next = scheduler.tasks[next_id]
+        let next = scheduler.tasks[next_id.0]
            .as_mut()
            .expect("ready task is missing");

@@ -159,7 +200,7 @@ pub fn start() -> ! {
        Switch {
            previous_context: &mut bootstrap_context,
            next_context: &next.context,
-            next_address_space: &next.address_space,
+            next_as_id: next.as_id,
            next_kernel_stack: next.kernel_stack.top(),
            activate_address_space: true,
        }
@@ -172,6 +213,107 @@ pub fn start() -> ! {
    panic!("scheduler returned to bootstrap context");
 }

+pub fn allocate_kernel_stack(
+    address_space: &mut AddressSpace,
+    allocator: &mut FrameAllocator,
+) -> Result<KernelStack, StackCreateError> {
+    let interrupt_state = crate::arch::disable_interrupts_and_save();
+    let scheduler = unsafe { &mut *SCHEDULER.0.get() };
+    let result = scheduler.stacks.allocate(address_space, allocator);
+    crate::arch::restore_interrupts(interrupt_state);
+    result
+}
+
+pub fn remove_task(id: TaskId) -> bool {
+    let interrupt_state = crate::arch::disable_interrupts_and_save();
+
+    let result = {
+        let scheduler = unsafe { &mut *SCHEDULER.0.get() };
+
+        if scheduler.current == Some(id) {
+            false
+        } else if let Some(task) = scheduler.tasks.get_mut(id.0).and_then(Option::take) {
+            scheduler.ready.remove(id);
+            scheduler.stacks.free(task.kernel_stack);
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    };
+
+    crate::arch::restore_interrupts(interrupt_state);
+    result
+}
+
+pub fn with_task<R>(id: TaskId, f: impl FnOnce(&Tcb) -> R) -> Option<R> {
+    let interrupt_state = crate::arch::disable_interrupts_and_save();
+    let scheduler = unsafe { &*SCHEDULER.0.get() };
+    let res = scheduler.tasks.get(id.0).and_then(Option::as_ref).map(f);
+    crate::arch::restore_interrupts(interrupt_state);
+    res
+}
+
+pub fn with_task_mut<R>(id: TaskId, f: impl FnOnce(&mut Tcb) -> R) -> Option<R> {
+    let interrupt_state = crate::arch::disable_interrupts_and_save();
+    let scheduler = unsafe { &mut *SCHEDULER.0.get() };
+    let res = scheduler
+        .tasks
+        .get_mut(id.0)
+        .and_then(Option::as_mut)
+        .map(f);
+    crate::arch::restore_interrupts(interrupt_state);
+    res
+}
+
+pub fn current() -> TaskId {
+    let scheduler = unsafe { &mut *SCHEDULER.0.get() };
+    scheduler.current.expect("no current task")
+}
+
+pub fn block_current(reason: BlockReason) {
+    let interrupt_state = crate::arch::disable_interrupts_and_save();
+
+    let switch = {
+        let scheduler = unsafe { &mut *SCHEDULER.0.get() };
+
+        let Some(next_id) = scheduler.ready.pop_front() else {
+            println!("Deadlock: all tasks blocked");
+            crate::hcf();
+        };
+
+        let current_id = scheduler.current.expect("no current task");
+
+        scheduler.tasks[current_id.0].as_mut().unwrap().state = ThreadState::Blocked(reason);
+        // explicitly do NOT push back the current task, because it is not ready
+
+        scheduler.tasks[next_id.0].as_mut().unwrap().state = ThreadState::Running;
+        scheduler.current = Some(next_id);
+
+        scheduler.make_switch(current_id, next_id)
+    };
+
+    unsafe {
+        switch.perform();
+    }
+
+    // this runs when this task is selected to run again
+    crate::arch::restore_interrupts(interrupt_state);
+}
+
+pub fn unblock(id: TaskId) {
+    let interrupt_state = crate::arch::disable_interrupts_and_save();
+
+    let scheduler = unsafe { &mut *SCHEDULER.0.get() };
+    if let Some(task) = scheduler.tasks[id.0].as_mut() {
+        if matches!(task.state, ThreadState::Blocked(_)) {
+            task.state = ThreadState::Ready;
+            assert!(scheduler.ready.push_back(id));
+        }
+    }
+
+    crate::arch::restore_interrupts(interrupt_state);
+}
+
 pub fn yield_current() {
    let interrupt_state = crate::arch::disable_interrupts_and_save();

@@ -185,10 +327,10 @@ pub fn yield_current() {

        let current_id = scheduler.current.expect("no current task");

-        scheduler.tasks[current_id].as_mut().unwrap().state = ThreadState::Ready;
+        scheduler.tasks[current_id.0].as_mut().unwrap().state = ThreadState::Ready;
        assert!(scheduler.ready.push_back(current_id));

-        scheduler.tasks[next_id].as_mut().unwrap().state = ThreadState::Running;
+        scheduler.tasks[next_id.0].as_mut().unwrap().state = ThreadState::Running;
        scheduler.current = Some(next_id);

        scheduler.make_switch(current_id, next_id)
@@ -202,7 +344,7 @@ pub fn yield_current() {
    crate::arch::restore_interrupts(interrupt_state);
 }

-pub fn exit_current(exit_code: usize) -> ! {
+pub fn exit_current(reason: ExitReason) -> ! {
    crate::arch::disable_interrupts();

    let switch = {
@@ -213,10 +355,10 @@ pub fn exit_current(exit_code: usize) -> ! {
            crate::hcf();
        };

-        let current = scheduler.tasks[current_id].as_mut().unwrap();
-        current.state = ThreadState::Dead(ExitReason::Exited(exit_code));
+        let current = scheduler.tasks[current_id.0].as_mut().unwrap();
+        current.state = ThreadState::Dead(reason);

-        scheduler.tasks[next_id].as_mut().unwrap().state = ThreadState::Running;
+        scheduler.tasks[next_id.0].as_mut().unwrap().state = ThreadState::Running;
        scheduler.current = Some(next_id);

        scheduler.make_switch(current_id, next_id)
@@ -1,52 +1,222 @@
+use core::ops::BitOr;
+
 use crate::{
    arch::ThreadContext,
-    memory::{AddressSpace, KernelStack, VirtualAddr},
-    task::loader::LoadedImage,
+    memory::{AddressSpaceId, KernelStack, OwnedFrame, VirtualAddr},
+    task::scheduler::TaskId,
 };

+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Fault {
+    SegmentationFault,
+    IllegalInstruction,
+    Abort,
+    BadSystemCall,
+}
+
 // Thread Control Block
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum ExitReason {
    Exited(usize),
    Killed,
-    Fault,
+    Fault(Fault),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum BlockReason {
+    Recv,
 }

 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum ThreadState {
    Ready,
    Running,
-    Blocked,
+    Blocked(BlockReason),
    Dead(ExitReason),
 }

-#[derive(Debug)]
+pub const MAX_MSG_SIZE: usize = 128;
+pub const MAILBOX_CAPACITY: usize = 4;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Message {
+    pub sender: TaskId,
+    pub length: usize,
+    pub data: [u8; MAX_MSG_SIZE],
+}
+
+pub struct Mailbox {
+    pub messages: [Option<Message>; MAILBOX_CAPACITY],
+    pub head: usize,
+    pub len: usize,
+}
+
+impl Mailbox {
+    const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            messages: [None; MAILBOX_CAPACITY],
+            head: 0,
+            len: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<Message> {
+        if self.len == 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let msg = self.messages[self.head];
+        self.head = (self.head + 1) % MAILBOX_CAPACITY;
+        self.len -= 1;
+        msg
+    }
+
+    pub fn push(&mut self, msg: Message) -> bool {
+        if self.len == MAILBOX_CAPACITY {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        let tail = (self.head + self.len) % MAILBOX_CAPACITY;
+        self.messages[tail] = Some(msg);
+        self.len += 1;
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+const MAX_HANDLES: usize = 32;
+
+pub enum KernelObject {
+    AddressSpace(AddressSpaceId),
+    Frame(OwnedFrame),
+    Mapping {
+        frame: OwnedFrame,
+        address_space: AddressSpaceId,
+        virtual_addr: VirtualAddr,
+    },
+    Thread(TaskId),
+}
+
+pub struct Handle {
+    pub object: KernelObject,
+    pub rights: Rights,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Rights(pub u32);
+
+impl Rights {
+    pub const READ: Self = Self(1 << 0);
+    pub const WRITE: Self = Self(1 << 1);
+    pub const EXECUTE: Self = Self(1 << 2);
+    pub const MAP: Self = Self(1 << 3);
+}
+
+impl BitOr for Rights {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn bitor(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        Self(self.0 | rhs.0)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct HandleTable {
+    handles: [Option<Handle>; MAX_HANDLES],
+}
+
+impl HandleTable {
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            handles: [const { None }; MAX_HANDLES],
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn push(&mut self, handle: Handle) -> Result<usize, Handle> {
+        for (i, slot) in self.handles.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            if slot.is_none() {
+                *slot = Some(handle);
+                return Ok(i);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Err(handle)
+    }
+
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, id: usize) -> Option<Handle> {
+        self.handles.get_mut(id).and_then(Option::take)
+    }
+
+    pub fn take(&mut self, id: usize) -> Option<Handle> {
+        self.handles.get_mut(id)?.take()
+    }
+
+    pub fn put(&mut self, id: usize, handle: Handle) -> Result<(), Handle> {
+        let Some(slot) = self.handles.get_mut(id) else {
+            return Err(handle);
+        };
+
+        if slot.is_some() {
+            return Err(handle);
+        }
+
+        *slot = Some(handle);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(&self, id: usize) -> Option<&Handle> {
+        self.handles.get(id).and_then(Option::as_ref)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, id: usize) -> Option<&mut Handle> {
+        self.handles.get_mut(id).and_then(Option::as_mut)
+    }
+}
+
 pub struct Tcb {
-    pub id: usize,
+    pub id: TaskId,
+    pub as_id: AddressSpaceId,
    pub state: ThreadState,
    pub kernel_stack: KernelStack,
    pub context: ThreadContext,
-    pub address_space: AddressSpace,
-    pub image: LoadedImage,
+    pub mailbox: Mailbox,
+    pub handles: HandleTable,
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Debug for Tcb {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        formatter
+            .debug_struct("Tcb")
+            .field("id", &self.id)
+            .field("as_id", &self.as_id)
+            .field("state", &self.state)
+            .finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
 }

 impl Tcb {
    pub fn new_user(
-        id: usize,
-        address_space: AddressSpace,
+        as_id: AddressSpaceId,
        kernel_stack: KernelStack,
-        image: LoadedImage,
+        entry: VirtualAddr,
        user_stack: VirtualAddr,
    ) -> Self {
-        let context = ThreadContext::new(image.entry, user_stack, kernel_stack.top());
+        let context = ThreadContext::new(entry, user_stack, kernel_stack.top());
+        let mut handles = HandleTable::new();
+        match handles.push(Handle {
+            object: KernelObject::AddressSpace(as_id),
+            rights: Rights::READ | Rights::WRITE | Rights::EXECUTE,
+        }) {
+            Ok(_) => {}
+            Err(_) => unreachable!("Cant push root address space handle"),
+        };

        Self {
-            id,
+            id: TaskId::new(0),
+            as_id,
            state: ThreadState::Ready,
            kernel_stack,
            context,
-            address_space,
-            image,
+            mailbox: Mailbox::new(),
+            handles,
        }
    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[package]
+name = "client"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+dusk-sys = { path = "../dusk-sys" }
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "client"
+test = false
+bench = false
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#![no_std]
+#![no_main]
+
+use dusk_sys::{println, sys_exit, sys_recv, sys_send};
+
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
+    let msg = "Hello from client!";
+    println!("[client] Sent: {}", msg);
+    // TODO: we assume the echo server is task 1 (spawned by omega3)
+    sys_send(1, msg.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+
+    let mut out = [0u8; 128];
+    let (actual_len, _) = sys_recv(&mut out).unwrap();
+    println!(
+        "[client] Received: {}",
+        core::str::from_utf8(&out[..actual_len]).unwrap()
+    );
+
+    sys_exit(0);
+}
+
+#[panic_handler]
+fn panic(info: &core::panic::PanicInfo) -> ! {
+    println!("{info}");
+    sys_exit(1);
+}
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 [package]
-name = "init"
+name = "dusk-sys"
 version = "0.1.0"
 edition = "2024"

-[[bin]]
-name = "init"
+[lib]
 test = false
 bench = false
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+#![no_std]
+
+use core::arch::asm;
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Status {
+    // Success = 0,
+    InvalidArgument = 1,
+    BadAddress = 2,
+    BadFileDescriptor = 3,
+    NoSuchTask = 4,
+    OutOfMemory = 5,
+    BadHandle = 6,
+}
+
+// Opaque handle type
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct AddressSpaceHandle(usize);
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct FrameHandle(usize);
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct MappingHandle(usize);
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ThreadHandle(usize);
+
+// our own address space and thread handle are always given to us
+pub const SELF_AS: AddressSpaceHandle = AddressSpaceHandle(0);
+pub const SELF_THREAD: ThreadHandle = ThreadHandle(1);
+
+impl From<usize> for Status {
+    fn from(value: usize) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            1 => Self::InvalidArgument,
+            2 => Self::BadAddress,
+            3 => Self::BadFileDescriptor,
+            4 => Self::NoSuchTask,
+            5 => Self::OutOfMemory,
+            6 => Self::BadHandle,
+            _ => Self::InvalidArgument,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(u64)]
+pub enum SyscallNumber {
+    Yield = 1,
+    Exit = 2,
+    Write = 3,
+    Send = 4,
+    Recv = 5,
+    FrameAlloc = 6,
+    FrameDealloc = 7,
+    AsCreate = 8,
+    Map = 9,
+    Unmap = 10,
+    TaskCreate = 11,
+}
+
+pub fn sys_yield() {
+    unsafe {
+        asm!(
+            "syscall",
+            in("rax") 1usize,
+            lateout("rcx") _,
+            lateout("r11") _,
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+fn debug_write(buf: &str) -> Result<(), Status> {
+    unsafe {
+        let status: usize;
+
+        asm!(
+            "syscall",
+            in("rdi") 1,
+            in("rsi") buf.as_ptr(),
+            in("rdx") buf.len(),
+            in("r10") 0,
+            inlateout("rax") SyscallNumber::Write as usize => status,
+            lateout("rcx") _,
+            lateout("r11") _
+        );
+
+        if status != 0 {
+            Err(status.into())
+        } else {
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct DebugWriter;
+
+impl core::fmt::Write for DebugWriter {
+    fn write_str(&mut self, value: &str) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        debug_write(value).map_err(|_| core::fmt::Error)
+    }
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub fn __print(arguments: core::fmt::Arguments<'_>) {
+    use core::fmt::Write;
+
+    let _ = DebugWriter.write_fmt(arguments);
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! print {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => {{
+        $crate::__print(core::format_args!($($arg)*));
+    }};
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! println {
+    () => {{
+        $crate::print!("\n");
+    }};
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => {{
+        $crate::print!("{}\n", core::format_args!($($arg)*));
+    }};
+}
+
+pub fn sys_exit(exit_code: usize) -> ! {
+    unsafe {
+        asm!(
+            "syscall",
+            in("rdi") exit_code,
+            in("rax") SyscallNumber::Exit as usize,
+            options(noreturn)
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn sys_send(dest_task_id: usize, msg: &[u8]) -> Result<(), Status> {
+    unsafe {
+        let status: usize;
+
+        asm!(
+            "syscall",
+            in("rdi") dest_task_id,
+            in("rsi") msg.as_ptr(),
+            in("rdx") msg.len(),
+            inlateout("rax") SyscallNumber::Send as usize => status,
+            lateout("rcx") _,
+            lateout("r11") _,
+        );
+
+        if status != 0 {
+            Err(status.into())
+        } else {
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn sys_recv(buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(usize, usize), Status> {
+    let mut actual_len: usize = 0;
+    let mut sender: usize = 0;
+
+    unsafe {
+        let status: usize;
+
+        asm!(
+            "syscall",
+            in("rdi") buf.as_mut_ptr(),
+            in("rsi") buf.len(),
+            in("rdx") &raw mut actual_len as usize,
+            in("r10") &raw mut sender as usize,
+            inlateout("rax") SyscallNumber::Recv as usize => status,
+            lateout("rcx") _,
+            lateout("r11") _,
+        );
+
+        if status != 0 {
+            Err(status.into())
+        } else {
+            Ok((actual_len, sender))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn sys_frame_alloc() -> Result<FrameHandle, Status> {
+    let mut handle: usize = 0;
+    unsafe {
+        let status: usize;
+
+        asm!(
+            "syscall",
+            in("rdi") &raw mut handle as usize,
+            inlateout("rax") SyscallNumber::FrameAlloc as usize => status,
+            lateout("rcx") _,
+            lateout("r11") _,
+        );
+
+        if status != 0 {
+            Err(status.into())
+        } else {
+            Ok(FrameHandle(handle))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn sys_frame_dealloc(frame_handle: FrameHandle) -> Result<(), Status> {
+    unsafe {
+        let status: usize;
+
+        asm!(
+            "syscall",
+            in("rdi") frame_handle.0,
+            inlateout("rax") SyscallNumber::FrameDealloc as usize => status,
+            lateout("rcx") _,
+            lateout("r11") _,
+        );
+
+        if status != 0 {
+            Err(status.into())
+        } else {
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn sys_as_create() -> Result<AddressSpaceHandle, Status> {
+    let mut handle: usize = 0;
+    unsafe {
+        let status: usize;
+
+        asm!(
+            "syscall",
+            in("rdi") &raw mut handle as usize,
+            inlateout("rax") SyscallNumber::AsCreate as usize => status,
+            lateout("rcx") _,
+            lateout("r11") _,
+        );
+
+        if status != 0 {
+            Err(status.into())
+        } else {
+            Ok(AddressSpaceHandle(handle))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn sys_map(
+    as_handle: AddressSpaceHandle,
+    frame_handle: FrameHandle,
+    virtual_addr: usize,
+    permissions: usize,
+) -> Result<MappingHandle, Status> {
+    let mut handle: usize = 0;
+
+    unsafe {
+        let status: usize;
+
+        asm!(
+            "syscall",
+            in("rdi") as_handle.0,
+            in("rsi") frame_handle.0,
+            in("rdx") virtual_addr,
+            in("r10") permissions,
+            in("r8") &raw mut handle as usize,
+            inlateout("rax") SyscallNumber::Map as usize => status,
+            lateout("rcx") _,
+            lateout("r11") _,
+        );
+
+        if status != 0 {
+            Err(status.into())
+        } else {
+            Ok(MappingHandle(handle))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn sys_unmap(mapping_handle: MappingHandle) -> Result<(), Status> {
+    unsafe {
+        let status: usize;
+
+        asm!(
+            "syscall",
+            in("rdi") mapping_handle.0,
+            inlateout("rax") SyscallNumber::Unmap as usize => status,
+            lateout("rcx") _,
+            lateout("r11") _,
+        );
+
+        if status != 0 {
+            Err(status.into())
+        } else {
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn sys_task_create(
+    as_handle: AddressSpaceHandle,
+    entry: usize,
+    user_stack: usize,
+) -> Result<ThreadHandle, Status> {
+    let mut handle: usize = 0;
+
+    unsafe {
+        let status: usize;
+
+        asm!(
+            "syscall",
+            in("rdi") as_handle.0,
+            in("rsi") entry,
+            in("rdx") user_stack,
+            in("r10") &raw mut handle as usize,
+            inlateout("rax") SyscallNumber::TaskCreate as usize => status,
+            lateout("rcx") _,
+            lateout("r11") _,
+        );
+
+        if status != 0 {
+            Err(status.into())
+        } else {
+            Ok(ThreadHandle(handle))
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[package]
+name = "echo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+dusk-sys = { path = "../dusk-sys" }
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "echo"
+test = false
+bench = false
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#![no_std]
+#![no_main]
+
+use dusk_sys::{println, sys_exit, sys_recv, sys_send};
+
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
+    let mut out = [0u8; 128];
+    loop {
+        let (actual_len, sender) = sys_recv(&mut out).unwrap();
+        println!(
+            "[echo] Received: {}",
+            core::str::from_utf8(&out[..actual_len]).unwrap()
+        );
+        sys_send(sender, &out[..actual_len]).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+#[panic_handler]
+fn panic(info: &core::panic::PanicInfo) -> ! {
+    println!("{info}");
+    sys_exit(1);
+}
@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-#![no_std]
-#![no_main]
-
-use core::arch::asm;
-use core::cell::UnsafeCell;
-use core::fmt::Write;
-
-fn sys_yield() {
-    unsafe {
-        asm!("mov rax, 1", "syscall");
-    }
-}
-
-fn sys_write(fd: usize, buf: &str) -> Result<(), usize> {
-    unsafe {
-        let status;
-
-        asm!(
-            "mov rax, 3",
-            "syscall",
-            in("rdi") fd,
-            in("rsi") buf.as_ptr(),
-            in("rdx") buf.len(),
-            in("r10") 0,
-            lateout("rax") status,
-        );
-
-        if status != 0 { Err(status) } else { Ok(()) }
-    }
-}
-
-struct Writer;
-
-impl core::fmt::Write for Writer {
-    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> core::fmt::Result {
-        sys_write(1, s).map_err(|_| core::fmt::Error)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! print {
-    ($($arg:tt)*) => (let _ = $crate::Writer.write_fmt(format_args!($($arg)*)););
-}
-
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! println {
-    () => ($crate::print!("\n"));
-    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::print!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
-}
-
-pub fn sys_exit(exit_code: usize) -> ! {
-    unsafe {
-        asm!(
-            "mov rax, 2",
-            "syscall",
-            in("rdi") exit_code,
-            options(noreturn)
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-struct Heap {
-    pub data: UnsafeCell<[u8; 1024]>,
-}
-
-impl Heap {
-    const fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            data: UnsafeCell::new([0; 1024]),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        unsafe { (*self.data.get()).len() }
-    }
-}
-
-impl core::ops::Deref for Heap {
-    type Target = [u8];
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        unsafe { (*self.data.get()).as_ref() }
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl Sync for Heap {}
-
-static HEAP: Heap = Heap::new();
-
-#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
-pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
-    (0..100).for_each(|i| {
-        println!("Hello {}", i);
-        sys_yield();
-    });
-
-    let len = HEAP.len();
-    for i in 0..len {
-        unsafe { HEAP.data.get().as_mut().unwrap()[i] = i as u8 };
-    }
-
-    (0..1024).for_each(|i| {
-        println!("{}", unsafe { HEAP.data.get().as_ref().unwrap()[i] });
-        sys_yield();
-    });
-
-    sys_exit(0);
-}
-
-#[panic_handler]
-fn panic(info: &core::panic::PanicInfo) -> ! {
-    println!("{info}");
-    sys_exit(1);
-}
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[package]
+name = "omega3"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+dusk-sys = { path = "../dusk-sys" }
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "omega3"
+test = false
+bench = false
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// CPIO newc archive parser
+
+#[repr(C)]
+struct Header {
+    pub c_magic: [u8; 6],
+    pub c_ino: [u8; 8],
+    pub c_mode: [u8; 8],
+    pub c_uid: [u8; 8],
+    pub c_gid: [u8; 8],
+    pub c_nlink: [u8; 8],
+    pub c_mtime: [u8; 8],
+    pub c_filesize: [u8; 8],
+    pub c_devmajor: [u8; 8],
+    pub c_devminor: [u8; 8],
+    pub c_rdevmajor: [u8; 8],
+    pub c_rdevminor: [u8; 8],
+    pub c_namesize: [u8; 8],
+    pub c_check: [u8; 8],
+}
+
+impl Header {
+    pub fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<Self> {
+        if bytes.len() < core::mem::size_of::<Header>() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let header: Header = unsafe { core::ptr::read(bytes.as_ptr() as *const Header) };
+
+        if header.c_magic != *b"070701" {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        Some(header)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn find_file<'a>(archive: *const u8, target: &str) -> Option<&'a [u8]> {
+    let mut offset = 0;
+
+    loop {
+        let header = Header::from_bytes(&unsafe {
+            core::slice::from_raw_parts(archive.add(offset), core::mem::size_of::<Header>())
+        })?;
+        let header_start = offset;
+        offset += core::mem::size_of::<Header>();
+
+        let file_len =
+            usize::from_str_radix(core::str::from_utf8(&header.c_filesize).ok()?, 16).ok()?;
+        let name_len =
+            usize::from_str_radix(core::str::from_utf8(&header.c_namesize).ok()?, 16).ok()?;
+
+        let name_bytes = &unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(archive.add(offset), name_len) };
+        let name = core::str::from_utf8(name_bytes)
+            .ok()?
+            .trim_end_matches('\0');
+
+        if name == "TRAILER!!!" {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        let data_start = header_start + ((core::mem::size_of::<Header>() + name_len + 3) & !3);
+
+        if name == target {
+            return Some(&unsafe {
+                core::slice::from_raw_parts(archive.add(data_start), file_len)
+            });
+        }
+
+        offset = data_start + ((file_len + 3) & !3);
+    }
+
+    None
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,425 @@
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum ElfIsa {
+    None,
+    Sparc,
+    X86,
+    Mips,
+    Ppc,
+    Arm,
+    SuperH,
+    Ia64,
+    Amd64,
+    AArch64,
+    Riscv,
+}
+
+impl ElfIsa {
+    fn from_u16(value: u16) -> Result<Self, ElfError> {
+        match value {
+            0x00 => Ok(Self::None),
+            0x02 => Ok(Self::Sparc),
+            0x03 => Ok(Self::X86),
+            0x08 => Ok(Self::Mips),
+            0x14 => Ok(Self::Ppc),
+            0x28 => Ok(Self::Arm),
+            0x2A => Ok(Self::SuperH),
+            0x32 => Ok(Self::Ia64),
+            0x3E => Ok(Self::Amd64),
+            0xB7 => Ok(Self::AArch64),
+            0xF3 => Ok(Self::Riscv),
+            _ => Err(ElfError::InvalidElf),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum ElfClass {
+    Elf32,
+    Elf64,
+}
+
+impl ElfClass {
+    fn from_u8(value: u8) -> Result<Self, ElfError> {
+        match value {
+            1 => Ok(Self::Elf32),
+            2 => Ok(Self::Elf64),
+            _ => Err(ElfError::InvalidElf),
+        }
+    }
+
+    const fn header_size(self) -> u16 {
+        match self {
+            Self::Elf32 => 52,
+            Self::Elf64 => 64,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Endianness {
+    Little,
+    Big,
+}
+
+impl Endianness {
+    fn from_u8(value: u8) -> Result<Self, ElfError> {
+        match value {
+            1 => Ok(Self::Little),
+            2 => Ok(Self::Big),
+            _ => Err(ElfError::InvalidElf),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(u16)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum ElfType {
+    Relocatable = 1,
+    Executable = 2,
+    SharedObject = 3,
+    Core = 4,
+}
+
+impl ElfType {
+    fn from_u16(value: u16) -> Result<Self, ElfError> {
+        match value {
+            1 => Ok(Self::Relocatable),
+            2 => Ok(Self::Executable),
+            3 => Ok(Self::SharedObject),
+            4 => Ok(Self::Core),
+            _ => Err(ElfError::InvalidElf),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+#[allow(unused)]
+pub struct ElfHeader {
+    magic: [u8; 4],
+    pub class: ElfClass,
+    endianness: Endianness,
+    version: u8,
+    os_abi: u8,
+    _reserved: [u8; 8],
+    pub object_type: ElfType,
+    pub machine: ElfIsa,
+    version_1: u32,
+    entry: u64,                     // 2115136
+    program_header_offset: u64,     // 64
+    section_header_offset: u64,     // 2759752
+    flags: u32,                     // 0
+    header_size: u16,               // 64
+    program_header_entry_size: u16, // 56
+    program_header_count: u16,      // 6
+    section_header_entry_size: u16, // 64
+    section_header_count: u16,      // 17
+    section_name_index: u16,        // 15
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum ElfError {
+    InvalidElf,
+}
+
+impl ElfHeader {
+    pub fn parse(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ElfError> {
+        let mut reader = Reader::new(bytes);
+
+        let magic = reader.read_array()?;
+        if magic != *b"\x7fELF" {
+            return Err(ElfError::InvalidElf);
+        }
+
+        let class = ElfClass::from_u8(reader.read_u8()?)?;
+        let endianness = Endianness::from_u8(reader.read_u8()?)?;
+        reader.set_endianness(endianness);
+
+        let version = reader.read_u8()?;
+        let os_abi = reader.read_u8()?;
+        let reserved = reader.read_array()?;
+        let object_type = ElfType::from_u16(reader.read_u16()?)?;
+        let machine = ElfIsa::from_u16(reader.read_u16()?)?;
+        let version_1 = reader.read_u32()?;
+        let entry = reader.read_word(class)?;
+        let program_header_offset = reader.read_word(class)?;
+        let section_header_offset = reader.read_word(class)?;
+        let flags = reader.read_u32()?;
+        let header_size = reader.read_u16()?;
+        let program_header_entry_size = reader.read_u16()?;
+        let program_header_count = reader.read_u16()?;
+        let section_header_entry_size = reader.read_u16()?;
+        let section_header_count = reader.read_u16()?;
+        let section_name_index = reader.read_u16()?;
+
+        if header_size != class.header_size() {
+            return Err(ElfError::InvalidElf);
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            magic,
+            class,
+            endianness,
+            version,
+            os_abi,
+            _reserved: reserved,
+            object_type,
+            machine,
+            version_1,
+            entry,
+            program_header_offset,
+            section_header_offset,
+            flags,
+            header_size,
+            program_header_entry_size,
+            program_header_count,
+            section_header_entry_size,
+            section_header_count,
+            section_name_index,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(u32)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum ProgramHeaderType {
+    Null = 0,
+    Load = 1,
+    Dynamic = 2,
+    Interpreter = 3,
+    Note = 4,
+    Shlib = 5,
+    Phdr = 6,
+    GnuStack = 0x6474e551,
+    Relro = 0x6474e552,
+    Other(u32),
+}
+
+impl ProgramHeaderType {
+    fn from_u32(value: u32) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            0 => Self::Null,
+            1 => Self::Load,
+            2 => Self::Dynamic,
+            3 => Self::Interpreter,
+            4 => Self::Note,
+            5 => Self::Shlib,
+            6 => Self::Phdr,
+            0x6474e551 => Self::GnuStack,
+            0x6474e552 => Self::Relro,
+            _ => Self::Other(value),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+#[allow(unused)]
+pub struct ProgramHeader {
+    pub segment_type: ProgramHeaderType,
+    pub flags: u32,
+    pub file_offset: u64,
+    pub virtual_address: u64,
+    _physical_address: u64,
+    pub file_size: u64,
+    pub memory_size: u64,
+    pub alignment: u64,
+}
+
+impl ProgramHeader {
+    pub fn parse(bytes: &[u8], class: ElfClass, endianness: Endianness) -> Result<Self, ElfError> {
+        let mut reader = Reader::new(bytes);
+        reader.set_endianness(endianness);
+
+        let segment_type = ProgramHeaderType::from_u32(reader.read_u32()?);
+
+        let flags = if class == ElfClass::Elf64 {
+            reader.read_u32()?
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+
+        let file_offset = reader.read_word(class)?;
+        let virtual_address = reader.read_word(class)?;
+        let physical_address = reader.read_word(class)?;
+        let file_size = reader.read_word(class)?;
+        let memory_size = reader.read_word(class)?;
+
+        let flags = if class == ElfClass::Elf32 {
+            reader.read_u32()?
+        } else {
+            flags
+        };
+
+        let alignment = reader.read_word(class)?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            segment_type,
+            flags,
+            file_offset,
+            virtual_address,
+            _physical_address: physical_address,
+            file_size,
+            memory_size,
+            alignment,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Elf<'a> {
+    bytes: &'a [u8],
+    header: ElfHeader,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Elf<'a> {
+    pub fn parse(bytes: &'a [u8]) -> Result<Self, ElfError> {
+        let header = ElfHeader::parse(bytes)?;
+
+        Ok(Self { bytes, header })
+    }
+
+    pub fn program_headers(&self) -> Result<ProgramHeaders<'_>, ElfError> {
+        let offset =
+            usize::try_from(self.header.program_header_offset).map_err(|_| ElfError::InvalidElf)?;
+        let entry_size = usize::from(self.header.program_header_entry_size);
+        let count = usize::from(self.header.program_header_count);
+
+        let expected_entry_size = match self.header.class {
+            ElfClass::Elf32 => 32,
+            ElfClass::Elf64 => 56,
+        };
+
+        if entry_size != expected_entry_size {
+            return Err(ElfError::InvalidElf);
+        }
+
+        let table_size = entry_size.checked_mul(count).ok_or(ElfError::InvalidElf)?;
+        let table_end = offset.checked_add(table_size).ok_or(ElfError::InvalidElf)?;
+        let bytes = self
+            .bytes
+            .get(offset..table_end)
+            .ok_or(ElfError::InvalidElf)?;
+
+        Ok(ProgramHeaders {
+            bytes,
+            class: self.header.class,
+            endianness: self.header.endianness,
+            entry_size,
+            remaining: count,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.bytes
+    }
+
+    #[allow(unused)]
+    pub fn machine(&self) -> ElfIsa {
+        self.header.machine
+    }
+
+    pub fn entry(&self) -> usize {
+        self.header.entry as usize
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct ProgramHeaders<'a> {
+    bytes: &'a [u8],
+    class: ElfClass,
+    endianness: Endianness,
+    entry_size: usize,
+    remaining: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for ProgramHeaders<'a> {
+    type Item = Result<ProgramHeader, ElfError>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.remaining == 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let entry = match self.bytes.get(..self.entry_size) {
+            Some(entry) => entry,
+            None => {
+                self.remaining = 0;
+                return None;
+            }
+        };
+
+        self.bytes = &self.bytes[self.entry_size..];
+        self.remaining -= 1;
+
+        Some(ProgramHeader::parse(entry, self.class, self.endianness))
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        (self.remaining, Some(self.remaining))
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExactSizeIterator for ProgramHeaders<'_> {}
+
+struct Reader<'a> {
+    bytes: &'a [u8],
+    offset: usize,
+    endianness: Endianness,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Reader<'a> {
+    const fn new(bytes: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            bytes,
+            offset: 0,
+            endianness: Endianness::Little,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn set_endianness(&mut self, endianness: Endianness) {
+        self.endianness = endianness;
+    }
+
+    fn read_array<const N: usize>(&mut self) -> Result<[u8; N], ElfError> {
+        let end = self.offset.checked_add(N).ok_or(ElfError::InvalidElf)?;
+        let bytes = self
+            .bytes
+            .get(self.offset..end)
+            .ok_or(ElfError::InvalidElf)?;
+        self.offset = end;
+
+        bytes.try_into().map_err(|_| ElfError::InvalidElf)
+    }
+
+    fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, ElfError> {
+        Ok(self.read_array::<1>()?[0])
+    }
+
+    fn read_u16(&mut self) -> Result<u16, ElfError> {
+        let bytes = self.read_array()?;
+        Ok(match self.endianness {
+            Endianness::Little => u16::from_le_bytes(bytes),
+            Endianness::Big => u16::from_be_bytes(bytes),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn read_u32(&mut self) -> Result<u32, ElfError> {
+        let bytes = self.read_array()?;
+        Ok(match self.endianness {
+            Endianness::Little => u32::from_le_bytes(bytes),
+            Endianness::Big => u32::from_be_bytes(bytes),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn read_u64(&mut self) -> Result<u64, ElfError> {
+        let bytes = self.read_array()?;
+        Ok(match self.endianness {
+            Endianness::Little => u64::from_le_bytes(bytes),
+            Endianness::Big => u64::from_be_bytes(bytes),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn read_word(&mut self, class: ElfClass) -> Result<u64, ElfError> {
+        match class {
+            ElfClass::Elf32 => Ok(u64::from(self.read_u32()?)),
+            ElfClass::Elf64 => self.read_u64(),
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+#![no_std]
+#![no_main]
+
+mod cpio;
+mod elf;
+
+use dusk_sys::{
+    AddressSpaceHandle, SELF_AS, println, sys_as_create, sys_exit, sys_frame_alloc, sys_map,
+    sys_task_create, sys_unmap, sys_yield,
+};
+
+// Mapped into the root task's address space by the kernel.
+static INITRAMFS_START: usize = 0x4000_0000;
+const SCRATCH_PAGE: usize = 0x8000_0000;
+const STACK_TOP: usize = 0x0000_7FFF_FFFF_F000;
+const STACK_PAGES: usize = 4;
+
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
+    println!(r#"-----------------------------"#);
+    println!(r#"   .d88888888b.   .d88888b.  "#);
+    println!(r#"  d88P"    "Y88b 88P"  "Y88  "#);
+    println!(r#"  888        888     .od88P  "#);
+    println!(r#"  Y88b      d88P      "Y88b  "#);
+    println!(r#"   "88bo  od88"  88b    d88  "#);
+    println!(r#"  d88888  88888b  "Y88888P"  "#);
+    println!(r#"----- Omega3 Dusk Root Server"#);
+
+    let echo_bytes = cpio::find_file(INITRAMFS_START as *const u8, "echo.elf").unwrap();
+    let echo_elf = elf::Elf::parse(echo_bytes).unwrap();
+    let echo_as = sys_as_create().unwrap();
+    let echo_entry = load_elf(&echo_elf, echo_as);
+    map_stack(echo_as, STACK_TOP, STACK_PAGES);
+    let _ = sys_task_create(echo_as, echo_entry, STACK_TOP).unwrap();
+
+    let client_bytes = cpio::find_file(INITRAMFS_START as *const u8, "client.elf").unwrap();
+    let client_elf = elf::Elf::parse(client_bytes).unwrap();
+    let client_as = sys_as_create().unwrap();
+    let client_entry = load_elf(&client_elf, client_as);
+    map_stack(client_as, STACK_TOP, STACK_PAGES);
+    let _ = sys_task_create(client_as, client_entry, STACK_TOP).unwrap();
+
+    // call a bogus system call
+    unsafe {
+        core::arch::asm!("syscall", in("rax") 134);
+    }
+
+    sys_exit(0);
+}
+
+fn load_elf(elf: &elf::Elf, target_as: AddressSpaceHandle) -> usize {
+    for header in elf.program_headers().unwrap() {
+        let header = header.unwrap();
+        if header.segment_type != elf::ProgramHeaderType::Load || header.memory_size == 0 {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let mut perms = 0;
+        if header.flags & 2 != 0 {
+            perms |= 1 << 0;
+        }
+        if header.flags & 1 != 0 {
+            perms |= 1 << 1;
+        }
+
+        let segment_start = header.virtual_address as usize;
+        let segment_end = segment_start + header.memory_size as usize;
+        let file_end = segment_start + header.file_size as usize;
+        let page_start = segment_start & !0xFFF;
+
+        for page in (page_start..segment_end).step_by(0x1000) {
+            let frame = sys_frame_alloc().unwrap();
+
+            let scratch_handle = sys_map(SELF_AS, frame, SCRATCH_PAGE, 0b01).unwrap();
+            unsafe {
+                core::ptr::write_bytes(SCRATCH_PAGE as *mut u8, 0, 0x1000);
+
+                let copy_start = page.max(segment_start).min(page + 0x1000);
+                let copy_end = (page + 0x1000).min(file_end).max(copy_start);
+                if copy_end > copy_start {
+                    let page_offset = copy_start - page;
+                    let file_offset = header.file_offset as usize + (copy_start - segment_start);
+                    let len = copy_end - copy_start;
+
+                    core::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
+                        elf.bytes().as_ptr().add(file_offset),
+                        (SCRATCH_PAGE as *mut u8).add(page_offset),
+                        len,
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+            sys_unmap(scratch_handle).unwrap();
+
+            sys_map(target_as, frame, page, perms).unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+
+    elf.entry()
+}
+
+fn map_stack(target_as: AddressSpaceHandle, stack_top: usize, pages: usize) {
+    for i in 1..=pages {
+        let frame = sys_frame_alloc().unwrap();
+        let page_addr = stack_top - i * 0x1000;
+        sys_map(target_as, frame, page_addr, 0b01).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+#[panic_handler]
+fn panic(info: &core::panic::PanicInfo) -> ! {
+    println!("{info}");
+    sys_exit(1);
+}
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
zoeissleeping	e5c2889acc	feat: userspace faults	2026-09-07 13:52:07 -05:00
zoeissleeping	bf1a81cf82	refactor: large code cleanup and safety pass	2026-09-07 13:31:49 -05:00
zoeissleeping	3308fd2959	feat: userspace program loading and task spawning	2026-09-07 08:24:46 -05:00
zoeissleeping	028ac8fb13	feat: basic IPC	2026-09-06 10:53:45 -05:00