feat: paging + cleanup across memory management and other stuff

Makefile

@@ -117,26 +117,29 @@ copy-iso-files:
 partition-iso: copy-iso-files
 		# Make empty ISO of 64M in size
 		dd if=/dev/zero of=${IMAGE_PATH} bs=1M count=0 seek=${ISO_SIZE}
+ifneq (${UEFI},)
 	parted -s ${IMAGE_PATH} mklabel gpt
-		parted -s ${IMAGE_PATH} mkpart BIOSBOOT 1024s 2047s
-		parted -s ${IMAGE_PATH} set 1 bios_grub on
-
 	parted -s ${IMAGE_PATH} mkpart ESP fat${ESP_BITS} 2048s 262144s
+	parted -s ${IMAGE_PATH} set 1 esp on
+else
+	parted -s ${IMAGE_PATH} mklabel msdos
+	parted -s ${IMAGE_PATH} mkpart primary fat${ESP_BITS} 2048s 262144s
+	parted -s ${IMAGE_PATH} set 1 boot on
+endif
 
 		# Make ISO with 1 partition starting at sector 2048 that is 32768 sectors, or 16MiB, in size
 		# Then a second partition spanning the rest of the disk
 		parted -s ${IMAGE_PATH} mkpart primary 262145s 100%
-		parted -s ${IMAGE_PATH} set 2 esp on
 
 build-iso: partition-iso 
-ifeq (${ARCH},x86_64)
+ifeq (${UEFI},)
-		# Install the Limine bootloader for bios installs
+	# install limine for legacy bios
 	./limine/limine bios-install ${IMAGE_PATH}
 endif
 
 		sudo losetup -Pf --show ${IMAGE_PATH} > loopback_dev
-		sudo mkfs.fat -F ${ESP_BITS} `cat loopback_dev`p2
+		sudo mkfs.fat -F ${ESP_BITS} `cat loopback_dev`p1
-		sudo mount `cat loopback_dev`p2 ${ARTIFACTS_PATH}/mnt
+		sudo mount `cat loopback_dev`p1 ${ARTIFACTS_PATH}/mnt
 		sudo cp -r ${ISO_PATH}/* ${ARTIFACTS_PATH}/mnt
 		sync
 		sudo umount ${ARTIFACTS_PATH}/mnt
@@ -158,13 +161,13 @@ compile-bootloader:
 compile-binaries:
 		cargo build ${CARGO_OPTS}
 
-ovmf-x86_64: ovmf
+ovmf-x86_64:
 	mkdir -p ovmf/ovmf-x86_64
 	@if [ ! -d "ovmf/ovmf-x86_64/OVMF.fd" ]; then \
 		cd ovmf/ovmf-x86_64 && curl -Lo OVMF.fd https://retrage.github.io/edk2-nightly/bin/RELEASEX64_OVMF.fd; \
 	fi
 
-ovmf-aarch64: ovmf
+ovmf-aarch64:
 	mkdir -p ovmf/ovmf-aarch64
 	@if [ ! -d "ovmf/ovmf-aarch64/OVMF.fd" ]; then \
 		cd ovmf/ovmf-aarch64 && curl -o OVMF.fd https://retrage.github.io/edk2-nightly/bin/RELEASEAARCH64_QEMU_EFI.fd; \
@@ -174,10 +177,14 @@ ovmf-aarch64: ovmf
 # gdb target/x86_64-unknown-none/debug/CappuccinOS.elf -ex "target remote :1234"
 
 run: build ${RUN_OPTS} run-${ARCH}
+run-serial: build ${RUN_OPTS} run-${ARCH}-serial
 
 run-x86_64:
 	tmux new-session -d -s qemu 'qemu-system-x86_64 ${QEMU_OPTS}'
 
+run-x86_64-serial:
+	qemu-system-x86_64 ${QEMU_OPTS} -boot d -display none -serial stdio -monitor none -no-reboot -no-shutdown
+
 line-count:
 		cloc --quiet --exclude-dir=bin --include-lang=Rust --csv src/ | tail -n 1 | awk -F, '{print $$5}'
 clean:

src/arch/x86_64/gdt.rs

@@ -50,16 +50,17 @@ pub(super) const KERNEL_DATA_SELECTOR: u16 = 2 * 8;
 pub(super) const TSS_SELECTOR: u16 = 3 * 8;
 
 #[repr(align(16))]
+#[allow(dead_code)] // field 0 is read, rust just cant tell
 struct ExceptionStack([u8; DOUBLE_FAULT_STACK_SIZE]);
 
 static mut GDT: Gdt = Gdt::new();
 static mut TSS: TaskStateSegment = TaskStateSegment::new();
 static mut DOUBLE_FAULT_STACK: ExceptionStack = ExceptionStack([0; DOUBLE_FAULT_STACK_SIZE]);
 
-pub fn init() {
+const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<TaskStateSegment>() == 104);
-    const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<TaskStateSegment>() == 104);
+const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<GdtPointer>() == 10);
-    const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<GdtPointer>() == 10);
 
+pub fn init() {
     unsafe {
         let stack_bottom = core::ptr::addr_of_mut!(DOUBLE_FAULT_STACK) as u64;
         let stack_top = stack_bottom + DOUBLE_FAULT_STACK_SIZE as u64;

src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/exceptions.rs

@@ -19,22 +19,10 @@ macro_rules! fatal_with_error_code {
     };
 }
 
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn debug_handler(frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
-    fatal_exception("DEBUG EXCEPTION", &frame, None);
-}
-
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn non_maskable_interrupt_handler(frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
-    fatal_exception("NON-MASKABLE INTERRUPT", &frame, None);
-}
-
 extern "x86-interrupt" fn breakpoint_handler(frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
     report_exception("BREAKPOINT", &frame, None);
 }
 
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn double_fault_handler(frame: InterruptStackFrame, error_code: u64) {
-    fatal_exception("DOUBLE FAULT", &frame, Some(error_code));
-}
-
 extern "x86-interrupt" fn page_fault_handler(frame: InterruptStackFrame, error_code: u64) {
     report_exception("PAGE FAULT", &frame, Some(error_code));
     println!("Faulting address: {:#X}", read_cr2());
@@ -43,12 +31,15 @@ extern "x86-interrupt" fn page_fault_handler(frame: InterruptStackFrame, error_c
 }
 
 fatal_without_error_code!(divide_error_handler, "DIVIDE ERROR");
+fatal_without_error_code!(debug_handler, "DEBUG EXCEPTION");
+fatal_without_error_code!(non_maskable_interrupt_handler, "NON-MASKABLE INTERRUPT");
 fatal_without_error_code!(invalid_opcode_handler, "INVALID OPCODE");
 fatal_without_error_code!(device_not_available_handler, "DEVICE NOT AVAILABLE");
 fatal_without_error_code!(x87_floating_point_handler, "X87 FLOATING-POINT EXCEPTION");
 fatal_without_error_code!(machine_check_handler, "MACHINE CHECK");
 fatal_without_error_code!(simd_floating_point_handler, "SIMD FLOATING-POINT EXCEPTION");
 
+fatal_with_error_code!(double_fault_handler, "DOUBLE FAULT");
 fatal_with_error_code!(invalid_tss_handler, "INVALID TSS");
 fatal_with_error_code!(segment_not_present_handler, "SEGMENT NOT PRESENT");
 fatal_with_error_code!(stack_segment_fault_handler, "STACK-SEGMENT FAULT");
@@ -134,10 +125,10 @@ fn report_exception(name: &'static str, frame: &InterruptStackFrame, error_code:
             "kernel"
         }
     );
-    println!("RIP: {:#X}", frame.instruction_pointer.as_u64());
+    println!("RIP: {:#X}", frame.instruction_pointer.as_usize());
     println!("CS: {:#X}", frame.code_segment);
     println!("FLAGS: {:#X}", frame.cpu_flags);
-    println!("RSP: {:#X}", frame.stack_pointer.as_u64());
+    println!("RSP: {:#X}", frame.stack_pointer.as_usize());
     println!("SS: {:#X}", frame.stack_segment);
 
     if let Some(error_code) = error_code {

src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/idt.rs

@@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ impl Idt {
 
 static mut IDT: Idt = Idt::new();
 
-pub fn idt_init() {
+const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<IdtEntry>() == 16);
-    const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<IdtEntry>() == 16);
+const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<IdtPointer>() == 10);
-    const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<IdtPointer>() == 10);
+const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<InterruptStackFrame>() == 40);
-    const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<InterruptStackFrame>() == 40);
 
+pub fn idt_init() {
     let mut idt = Idt::new();
 
     exceptions::install(&mut idt);

src/arch/x86_64/mod.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 mod gdt;
 mod interrupts;
+pub mod paging;
 pub mod port;
 
 use core::arch::asm;

src/arch/x86_64/paging.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
+use core::arch::asm;
+
+use crate::{
+    memory::{
+        DirectMap, FrameAllocator, KernelImage, MemoryRegion, MemoryRegionKind, PhysicalAddr,
+        PhysicalFrame, VirtualAddr,
+    },
+    println,
+};
+
+pub const PAGE_SIZE: usize = 4096;
+pub const PAGE_TABLE_ENTRIES: usize = 512;
+
+const ADDRESS_MASK: usize = 0x000F_FFFF_FFFF_F000;
+
+#[repr(transparent)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct PageTableEntry(u64);
+
+impl PageTableEntry {
+    const PRESENT: u64 = 1 << 0;
+    const WRITABLE: u64 = 1 << 1;
+    const USER_ACCESSIBLE: u64 = 1 << 2;
+    const LARGE_PAGE: u64 = 1 << 7;
+    const NX: u64 = 1 << 63;
+
+    // TODO: validate that page is withing the CPU's mappable address space
+    const fn new(physical_address: PhysicalAddr, permissions: PagePermissions) -> Self {
+        let mut value = physical_address.as_usize() as u64 | Self::PRESENT;
+
+        if permissions.writable {
+            value |= Self::WRITABLE;
+        }
+        if permissions.user_accessible {
+            value |= Self::USER_ACCESSIBLE;
+        }
+        if !permissions.executable {
+            value |= Self::NX;
+        }
+
+        Self(value)
+    }
+
+    fn new_table(frame: PhysicalFrame, user_accessible: bool) -> Self {
+        let mut value = frame.start_address().as_usize() as u64 | Self::PRESENT | Self::WRITABLE;
+        if user_accessible {
+            value |= Self::USER_ACCESSIBLE;
+        }
+
+        Self(value)
+    }
+
+    const fn null() -> Self {
+        Self(0)
+    }
+
+    fn physical_address(&self) -> PhysicalAddr {
+        PhysicalAddr::new(self.0 as usize & ADDRESS_MASK)
+    }
+
+    fn is_present(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0 & Self::PRESENT != 0
+    }
+
+    fn is_user_accessible(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0 & Self::USER_ACCESSIBLE != 0
+    }
+
+    fn is_huge(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0 & Self::LARGE_PAGE != 0
+    }
+
+    fn frame(&self) -> Option<PhysicalFrame> {
+        if !self.is_present() || self.is_huge() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        PhysicalFrame::from_start_address(self.physical_address())
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(C, align(4096))]
+struct PageTable {
+    entries: [PageTableEntry; PAGE_TABLE_ENTRIES],
+}
+
+impl PageTable {
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.entries.iter().all(|&entry| !entry.is_present())
+    }
+}
+
+const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<PageTable>() == 4096);
+
+fn translate_huge_page(
+    entry: PageTableEntry,
+    virtual_addr: usize,
+    page_size: usize,
+) -> Option<PhysicalAddr> {
+    let physical_base = entry.physical_address().as_usize() & !(page_size - 1);
+
+    let offset = virtual_addr & (page_size - 1);
+
+    physical_base.checked_add(offset).map(PhysicalAddr::new)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum PageError {
+    NotCanonical,
+    Unaligned,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct PagePermissions {
+    pub writable: bool,
+    pub executable: bool,
+    pub user_accessible: bool,
+}
+
+impl PagePermissions {
+    // TODO: give more fine grained permissions
+    pub const HHDM: Self = Self::new(true, false, false);
+    pub const KERNEL: Self = Self::new(true, true, false);
+    pub const KERNEL_DATA: Self = Self::new(true, false, false);
+
+    pub const fn new(writable: bool, executable: bool, user_accessible: bool) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            writable,
+            executable,
+            user_accessible,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Page {
+    start: VirtualAddr,
+}
+
+impl Page {
+    pub fn from_start_address(start: VirtualAddr) -> Result<Self, PageError> {
+        if !is_canonical_48_bit(start.as_usize()) {
+            return Err(PageError::NotCanonical);
+        }
+
+        if start.as_usize() & (4096 - 1) != 0 {
+            return Err(PageError::Unaligned);
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self { start })
+    }
+}
+
+fn p4_index(addr: usize) -> usize {
+    (addr >> 39) & 0x1FF
+}
+
+fn p3_index(addr: usize) -> usize {
+    (addr >> 30) & 0x1FF
+}
+
+fn p2_index(addr: usize) -> usize {
+    (addr >> 21) & 0x1FF
+}
+
+fn p1_index(addr: usize) -> usize {
+    (addr >> 12) & 0x1FF
+}
+
+fn page_offset(addr: usize) -> usize {
+    addr & 0xFFF
+}
+
+unsafe fn read_cr3() -> PhysicalFrame {
+    let value: usize;
+    unsafe {
+        asm!(
+            "mov {}, cr3",
+            out(reg) value,
+            options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags),
+        );
+    }
+
+    PhysicalFrame::from_start_address(PhysicalAddr::new(value & ADDRESS_MASK))
+        .expect("CR3 contains an unaligned page-table address")
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum MapError {
+    MisalignedPage,
+    PageAlreadyMapped,
+    ParentIsHuge,
+    FrameAllocatorError,
+    AddressOverflow,
+    UserPageInKernelHalf,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum UnmapError {
+    PageNotWithinHHDM,
+    PageNotPresent,
+    ParentIsHuge,
+    ParentNotPresent,
+    FrameAllocatorError,
+}
+
+type PageTableRoot = PhysicalFrame;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct NewTable {
+    parent: PhysicalFrame,
+    index: usize,
+    child: PhysicalFrame,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum AddressSpaceError {
+    MalformedMemmap,
+    Map(MapError),
+    FrameAllocatorError,
+}
+
+pub struct AddressSpace {
+    root: PageTableRoot,
+    direct_map: DirectMap,
+}
+
+impl AddressSpace {
+    pub fn new<I: Iterator<Item = MemoryRegion> + Clone>(
+        direct_map: DirectMap,
+        memmap: I,
+        kernel_address: KernelImage,
+        allocator: &mut FrameAllocator,
+    ) -> Result<Self, AddressSpaceError> {
+        let frame = allocator
+            .alloc()
+            .ok_or(AddressSpaceError::FrameAllocatorError)?;
+        let mut space = AddressSpace {
+            root: frame,
+            direct_map,
+        };
+
+        // TODO: cleanup page tables if any allocations fail
+        // map hhdm
+        for region in memmap.clone() {
+            if region.kind == MemoryRegionKind::Reserved
+                || region.kind == MemoryRegionKind::BadMemory
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            println!(
+                "Mapping: {:?} at {:#X} with length {:#X}",
+                region.kind,
+                region.start.as_usize(),
+                region.length
+            );
+
+            space
+                .map_range(
+                    direct_map
+                        .translate(region.start)
+                        .ok_or(AddressSpaceError::MalformedMemmap)?,
+                    region.start,
+                    region.length,
+                    PagePermissions::HHDM,
+                    allocator,
+                )
+                .map_err(|err| AddressSpaceError::Map(err))?;
+        }
+
+        // map kernel
+        println!(
+            "Mapping kernel at {:#X} with length {:#X}",
+            kernel_address.virtual_base.as_usize(),
+            kernel_address.length
+        );
+
+        space
+            .map_range(
+                kernel_address.virtual_base,
+                kernel_address.physical_base,
+                kernel_address.length,
+                PagePermissions::KERNEL,
+                allocator,
+            )
+            .map_err(|err| AddressSpaceError::Map(err))?;
+
+        Ok(space)
+    }
+
+    fn is_active(&self) -> bool {
+        let cr3 = unsafe { read_cr3() };
+
+        cr3.start_address() == self.root.start_address()
+    }
+
+    fn table(&self, frame: PhysicalFrame) -> Option<&PageTable> {
+        let virtual_addr = self.direct_map.translate(frame.start_address())?;
+
+        Some(unsafe { &*(virtual_addr.as_ptr::<PageTable>()) })
+    }
+
+    fn table_mut(&mut self, frame: PhysicalFrame) -> Option<&mut PageTable> {
+        let virtual_addr = self.direct_map.translate(frame.start_address())?;
+
+        Some(unsafe { &mut *(virtual_addr.as_mut_ptr::<PageTable>()) })
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate(&self, addr: VirtualAddr) -> Option<PhysicalAddr> {
+        let addr = addr.as_usize();
+
+        if !is_canonical_48_bit(addr) {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let p4 = self.table(self.root)?;
+        let p4_entry = p4.entries[p4_index(addr)];
+
+        if !p4_entry.is_present() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let p3 = self.table(p4_entry.frame()?)?;
+        let p3_entry = p3.entries[p3_index(addr)];
+
+        if !p3_entry.is_present() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        if p3_entry.is_huge() {
+            return translate_huge_page(p3_entry, addr, 1 << 30);
+        }
+
+        let p2 = self.table(p3_entry.frame()?)?;
+        let p2_entry = p2.entries[p2_index(addr)];
+
+        if !p2_entry.is_present() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        if p2_entry.is_huge() {
+            return translate_huge_page(p2_entry, addr, 1 << 21);
+        }
+
+        let p1 = self.table(p2_entry.frame()?)?;
+        let p1_entry = p1.entries[p1_index(addr)];
+
+        if !p1_entry.is_present() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let physical_base = p1_entry.physical_address().as_usize();
+
+        physical_base
+            .checked_add(page_offset(addr))
+            .map(PhysicalAddr::new)
+    }
+
+    fn get_next_level(
+        &self,
+        parent: PhysicalFrame,
+        index: usize,
+    ) -> Result<PhysicalFrame, UnmapError> {
+        let parent_table = self.table(parent).ok_or(UnmapError::PageNotWithinHHDM)?;
+
+        // TODO: encode some level so we dont spuriously think a page is huge
+        if parent_table.entries[index].is_huge() {
+            return Err(UnmapError::ParentIsHuge);
+        }
+
+        Ok(parent_table.entries[index]
+            .frame()
+            .ok_or(UnmapError::ParentNotPresent)?)
+    }
+
+    fn get_next_level_or_allocate(
+        &mut self,
+        parent: PhysicalFrame,
+        index: usize,
+        user_accessible: bool,
+        allocator: &mut FrameAllocator,
+    ) -> Result<(PhysicalFrame, bool), MapError> {
+        let parent_table = self
+            .table_mut(parent)
+            .ok_or(MapError::FrameAllocatorError)?;
+
+        let entry = &mut parent_table.entries[index];
+
+        if !entry.is_present() {
+            let frame = allocator.alloc().ok_or(MapError::FrameAllocatorError)?;
+            *entry = PageTableEntry::new_table(frame, user_accessible);
+            return Ok((frame, true));
+        }
+
+        if entry.is_huge() {
+            return Err(MapError::ParentIsHuge);
+        }
+
+        // TODO: we upgrade intermediate entries, and dont carefully rollback if we fail
+        if user_accessible && !entry.is_user_accessible() {
+            entry.0 |= PageTableEntry::USER_ACCESSIBLE;
+        }
+
+        entry
+            .frame()
+            .map(|frame| (frame, false))
+            .ok_or(MapError::FrameAllocatorError)
+    }
+
+    fn rollback_tables(
+        &mut self,
+        new_tables: &[Option<NewTable>],
+        count: usize,
+        allocator: &mut FrameAllocator,
+    ) {
+        for table in new_tables[..count].iter().rev().flatten() {
+            self.table_mut(table.parent).unwrap().entries[table.index] = PageTableEntry::null();
+
+            unsafe { allocator.dealloc(table.child) };
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn map(
+        &mut self,
+        page: Page,
+        frame: PhysicalFrame,
+        permissions: PagePermissions,
+        allocator: &mut FrameAllocator,
+    ) -> Result<(), MapError> {
+        if permissions.user_accessible && p4_index(page.start.as_usize()) >= 256 {
+            return Err(MapError::UserPageInKernelHalf);
+        }
+
+        let mut new_tables: [Option<NewTable>; 3] = [None; 3];
+        let mut new_table_count = 0;
+
+        let result = (|| {
+            let p4_entry_index = p4_index(page.start.as_usize());
+            let (pdpt_frame, allocated) = self.get_next_level_or_allocate(
+                self.root,
+                p4_entry_index,
+                permissions.user_accessible,
+                allocator,
+            )?;
+            if allocated {
+                new_tables[new_table_count] = Some(NewTable {
+                    parent: self.root,
+                    index: p4_entry_index,
+                    child: pdpt_frame,
+                });
+                new_table_count += 1;
+            }
+
+            let p3_entry_index = p3_index(page.start.as_usize());
+            let (pd_frame, allocated) = self.get_next_level_or_allocate(
+                pdpt_frame,
+                p3_entry_index,
+                permissions.user_accessible,
+                allocator,
+            )?;
+            if allocated {
+                new_tables[new_table_count] = Some(NewTable {
+                    parent: pdpt_frame,
+                    index: p3_entry_index,
+                    child: pd_frame,
+                });
+                new_table_count += 1;
+            }
+
+            let p2_entry_index = p2_index(page.start.as_usize());
+            let (pt_frame, allocated) = self.get_next_level_or_allocate(
+                pd_frame,
+                p2_entry_index,
+                permissions.user_accessible,
+                allocator,
+            )?;
+            if allocated {
+                new_tables[new_table_count] = Some(NewTable {
+                    parent: pd_frame,
+                    index: p2_entry_index,
+                    child: pt_frame,
+                });
+                new_table_count += 1;
+            }
+
+            let pt_table = self
+                .table_mut(pt_frame)
+                .ok_or(MapError::FrameAllocatorError)?;
+            let entry = &mut pt_table.entries[p1_index(page.start.as_usize())];
+            if entry.is_present() {
+                return Err(MapError::PageAlreadyMapped);
+            }
+
+            *entry = PageTableEntry::new(frame.start_address(), permissions);
+            Ok(())
+        })();
+
+        if result.is_err() {
+            self.rollback_tables(&new_tables, new_table_count, allocator);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        self.flush_tlb_if_active(page);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn map_range(
+        &mut self,
+        virtual_start: VirtualAddr,
+        physical_start: PhysicalAddr,
+        length: usize,
+        permissions: PagePermissions,
+        allocator: &mut FrameAllocator,
+    ) -> Result<(), MapError> {
+        if length % PAGE_SIZE != 0 {
+            return Err(MapError::MisalignedPage);
+        }
+
+        let virtual_start =
+            Page::from_start_address(virtual_start).map_err(|_| MapError::MisalignedPage)?;
+        let physical_start =
+            PhysicalFrame::from_start_address(physical_start).ok_or(MapError::MisalignedPage)?;
+        virtual_start
+            .start
+            .as_usize()
+            .checked_add(length)
+            .ok_or(MapError::AddressOverflow)?;
+        physical_start
+            .start_address()
+            .as_usize()
+            .checked_add(length)
+            .ok_or(MapError::AddressOverflow)?;
+
+        for page_idx in 0..length / PAGE_SIZE {
+            let offset = page_idx * PAGE_SIZE;
+            let page =
+                Page::from_start_address(VirtualAddr::new(virtual_start.start.as_usize() + offset))
+                    .unwrap();
+            let frame = PhysicalFrame::from_start_address(PhysicalAddr::new(
+                physical_start.start_address().as_usize() + offset,
+            ))
+            .unwrap();
+
+            if let Err(error) = self.map(page, frame, permissions, allocator) {
+                for rollback_idx in (0..page_idx).rev() {
+                    let rollback_page = Page::from_start_address(VirtualAddr::new(
+                        virtual_start.start.as_usize() + rollback_idx * PAGE_SIZE,
+                    ))
+                    .unwrap();
+                    self.unmap(rollback_page, allocator)
+                        .expect("failed to roll back a mapped page");
+                }
+
+                return Err(error);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn unmap(
+        &mut self,
+        page: Page,
+        allocator: &mut FrameAllocator,
+    ) -> Result<PhysicalFrame, UnmapError> {
+        let pdpt_frame = self.get_next_level(self.root, p4_index(page.start.as_usize()))?;
+
+        let pd_frame = self.get_next_level(pdpt_frame, p3_index(page.start.as_usize()))?;
+
+        let pt_frame = self.get_next_level(pd_frame, p2_index(page.start.as_usize()))?;
+        let pt_table = self
+            .table_mut(pt_frame)
+            .ok_or(UnmapError::FrameAllocatorError)?;
+
+        let entry = pt_table.entries[p1_index(page.start.as_usize())];
+
+        if !entry.is_present() {
+            return Err(UnmapError::PageNotPresent);
+        }
+
+        let frame = entry.frame().ok_or(UnmapError::FrameAllocatorError)?;
+        pt_table.entries[p1_index(page.start.as_usize())] = PageTableEntry::null();
+
+        if pt_table.is_empty() {
+            self.table_mut(pd_frame).unwrap().entries[p2_index(page.start.as_usize())] =
+                PageTableEntry::null();
+            unsafe { allocator.dealloc(pt_frame) };
+
+            if self.table(pd_frame).unwrap().is_empty() {
+                self.table_mut(pdpt_frame).unwrap().entries[p3_index(page.start.as_usize())] =
+                    PageTableEntry::null();
+                unsafe { allocator.dealloc(pd_frame) };
+
+                if self.table(pdpt_frame).unwrap().is_empty() {
+                    self.table_mut(self.root).unwrap().entries[p4_index(page.start.as_usize())] =
+                        PageTableEntry::null();
+                    unsafe { allocator.dealloc(pdpt_frame) };
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.flush_tlb_if_active(page);
+
+        Ok(frame)
+    }
+
+    // TODO: unmap range
+
+    fn flush_tlb_if_active(&self, page: Page) {
+        if self.is_active() {
+            println!("Flushing TLB");
+            unsafe {
+                asm!("invlpg [{}]", in(reg) page.start.as_usize(), options(nostack, preserves_flags));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub unsafe fn activate(&self) -> PageTableRoot {
+        println!("Activating");
+        unsafe {
+            asm!(
+                "mov cr3, {}",
+                in(reg) self.root.start_address().as_usize(),
+                options(nostack, preserves_flags)
+            );
+        }
+
+        self.root
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_canonical_48_bit(addr: usize) -> bool {
+    let upper = addr >> 48;
+    let sign_bit = (addr >> 47) & 1;
+
+    if sign_bit == 0 {
+        upper == 0
+    } else {
+        upper == 0xFFFF
+    }
+}

src/arch/x86_64/port.rs

@@ -14,46 +14,46 @@ pub unsafe fn read_u8(port: u16) -> u8 {
     value
 }
 
-#[inline(always)]
+// #[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn read_u8_slice(port: u16, slice: &mut [u8]) {
+// pub unsafe fn read_u8_slice(port: u16, slice: &mut [u8]) {
-    unsafe {
+//     unsafe {
-        asm!(
+//         asm!(
-            "rep insb",
+//             "rep insb",
-            in("dx") port,
+//             in("dx") port,
-            inout("rdi") slice.as_mut_ptr() => _,
+//             inout("rdi") slice.as_mut_ptr() => _,
-            inout("rcx") slice.len() => _,
+//             inout("rcx") slice.len() => _,
-            options(nostack, preserves_flags),
+//             options(nostack, preserves_flags),
-        );
+//         );
-    }
+//     }
-}
+// }
 
-#[inline(always)]
+// #[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn read_u16(port: u16) -> u16 {
+// pub unsafe fn read_u16(port: u16) -> u16 {
-    let value: u16;
+//     let value: u16;
-    unsafe {
+//     unsafe {
-        asm!(
+//         asm!(
-            "in ax, dx",
+//             "in ax, dx",
-            in("dx") port,
+//             in("dx") port,
-            out("ax") value,
+//             out("ax") value,
-            options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags),
+//             options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags),
-        );
+//         );
-    }
+//     }
-    value
+//     value
-}
+// }
 
-#[inline(always)]
+// #[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn read_u32(port: u16) -> u32 {
+// pub unsafe fn read_u32(port: u16) -> u32 {
-    let value: u32;
+//     let value: u32;
-    unsafe {
+//     unsafe {
-        asm!(
+//         asm!(
-            "in eax, dx",
+//             "in eax, dx",
-            in("dx") port,
+//             in("dx") port,
-            out("eax") value,
+//             out("eax") value,
-            options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags),
+//             options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags),
-        );
+//         );
-    }
+//     }
-    value
+//     value
-}
+// }
 
 #[inline(always)]
 pub unsafe fn write_u8(port: u16, value: u8) {
@@ -67,39 +67,39 @@ pub unsafe fn write_u8(port: u16, value: u8) {
     }
 }
 
-#[inline(always)]
+// #[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn write_u8_slice(port: u16, slice: &[u8]) {
+// pub unsafe fn write_u8_slice(port: u16, slice: &[u8]) {
-    unsafe {
+//     unsafe {
-        asm!(
+//         asm!(
-            "rep outsb",
+//             "rep outsb",
-            in("dx") port,
+//             in("dx") port,
-            inout("rsi") slice.as_ptr() => _,
+//             inout("rsi") slice.as_ptr() => _,
-            inout("rcx") slice.len() => _,
+//             inout("rcx") slice.len() => _,
-            options(nostack, preserves_flags),
+//             options(nostack, preserves_flags),
-        );
+//         );
-    }
+//     }
-}
+// }
 
-#[inline(always)]
+// #[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn write_u16(port: u16, value: u16) {
+// pub unsafe fn write_u16(port: u16, value: u16) {
-    unsafe {
+//     unsafe {
-        asm!(
+//         asm!(
-            "out dx, ax",
+//             "out dx, ax",
-            in("dx") port,
+//             in("dx") port,
-            in("ax") value,
+//             in("ax") value,
-            options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags),
+//             options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags),
-        );
+//         );
-    }
+//     }
-}
+// }
 
-#[inline(always)]
+// #[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn write_u32(port: u16, value: u32) {
+// pub unsafe fn write_u32(port: u16, value: u32) {
-    unsafe {
+//     unsafe {
-        asm!(
+//         asm!(
-            "out dx, eax",
+//             "out dx, eax",
-            in("dx") port,
+//             in("dx") port,
-            in("eax") value,
+//             in("eax") value,
-            options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags),
+//             options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags),
-        );
+//         );
-    }
+//     }
-}
+// }

src/boot/limine.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ use ::limine as limine_api;
 use limine_api::request::{ExecutableAddressRequest, HhdmRequest, MemmapRequest};
 use limine_api::{BaseRevision, RequestsEndMarker, RequestsStartMarker};
 
+use crate::memory::{KernelImage, PhysicalAddr, VirtualAddr};
+
 /// Sets the base revision to the latest revision supported by the crate.
 /// See specification for further info.
 /// Be sure to mark all limine requests with #[used], otherwise they may be removed by the compiler.
@@ -32,17 +34,17 @@ static _START_MARKER: RequestsStartMarker = RequestsStartMarker::new();
 static _END_MARKER: RequestsEndMarker = RequestsEndMarker::new();
 
 pub struct BootInfo {
-    pub kernel_address: crate::memory::PhysicalAddr,
+    pub kernel_address: KernelImage,
-    pub hhdm_offset: u64,
+    pub hhdm_offset: usize,
     entries: &'static [&'static limine_api::memmap::Entry],
 }
 
 impl BootInfo {
-    pub fn memory_regions(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::memory::MemoryRegion> + '_ {
+    pub fn memory_regions(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::memory::MemoryRegion> + Clone + '_ {
         use crate::memory::{MemoryRegion, MemoryRegionKind};
         self.entries.iter().map(|&entry| MemoryRegion {
-            start: crate::memory::PhysicalAddr::new(entry.base),
+            start: crate::memory::PhysicalAddr::new(entry.base as usize),
-            length: entry.length,
+            length: entry.length as usize,
             kind: match entry.type_ {
                 limine_api::memmap::MEMMAP_USABLE => MemoryRegionKind::Usable,
                 limine_api::memmap::MEMMAP_RESERVED => MemoryRegionKind::Reserved,
@@ -69,6 +71,7 @@ pub enum BootError {
     FailedToGetKernelAddress,
     FailedToGetHHDMAddress,
     FailedToGetMemmap,
+    FailedToLocateKernel,
 }
 
 pub fn load_boot_info() -> Result<BootInfo, BootError> {
@@ -78,8 +81,7 @@ pub fn load_boot_info() -> Result<BootInfo, BootError> {
 
     let kernel_address = KERNEL_ADDRESS_REQUEST
         .response()
-        .ok_or(BootError::FailedToGetKernelAddress)?
+        .ok_or(BootError::FailedToGetKernelAddress)?;
-        .physical_base;
     let hhdm_offset = HHDM_REQUEST
         .response()
         .ok_or(BootError::FailedToGetHHDMAddress)?
@@ -90,9 +92,29 @@ pub fn load_boot_info() -> Result<BootInfo, BootError> {
         .ok_or(BootError::FailedToGetMemmap)?
         .entries();
 
+    let mut kernel_length = None;
+    for &entry in memmap.iter() {
+        if entry.type_ != limine_api::memmap::MEMMAP_EXECUTABLE_AND_MODULES {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if entry.base != kernel_address.physical_base {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        kernel_length = Some(entry.length as usize);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    let kernel_length = kernel_length.ok_or(BootError::FailedToLocateKernel)?;
+
     Ok(BootInfo {
-        kernel_address: crate::memory::PhysicalAddr::new(kernel_address),
+        kernel_address: KernelImage {
-        hhdm_offset,
+            physical_base: PhysicalAddr::new(kernel_address.physical_base as usize),
+            virtual_base: VirtualAddr::new(kernel_address.virtual_base as usize),
+            length: kernel_length,
+        },
+        hhdm_offset: hhdm_offset as usize,
         entries: memmap,
     })
 }

src/main.rs

@@ -8,20 +8,85 @@ mod boot;
 mod debug;
 mod memory;
 
-use crate::debug::serial;
+use crate::{
+    arch::paging,
+    debug::serial,
+    memory::{PhysicalAddr, VirtualAddr},
+};
 
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
     serial::init().unwrap();
 
     arch::init();
-    let _boot_info = boot::load_boot_info().unwrap();
+    let boot_info = boot::load_boot_info().unwrap();
+    let direct_map = memory::DirectMap::new(boot_info.hhdm_offset);
 
-    let addr = 0xDEADBEEF as *mut u32;
+    let mut allocator = memory::FrameAllocator::new(boot_info.memory_regions(), direct_map)
+        .expect("failed to create frame allocator");
+
+    let mut page_table = paging::AddressSpace::new(
+        direct_map,
+        boot_info.memory_regions(),
+        boot_info.kernel_address,
+        &mut allocator,
+    )
+    .expect("failed to create page table");
+
+    // safety: trust me bro
+    unsafe { page_table.activate() };
+
+    let frame = allocator.alloc().unwrap();
+
+    let direct_mapped = direct_map.translate(frame.start_address()).unwrap();
+    let translated = page_table.translate(direct_mapped).unwrap();
+
+    println!("{:?}", translated);
+
+    let new_virtual = VirtualAddr::new(0x8000_0000);
+
+    assert!(page_table.translate(new_virtual).is_none());
+
+    let page = paging::Page::from_start_address(new_virtual).unwrap();
+
+    page_table
+        .map(
+            page,
+            frame,
+            paging::PagePermissions::KERNEL_DATA,
+            &mut allocator,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        page_table.translate(new_virtual),
+        Some(frame.start_address())
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        page_table.translate(VirtualAddr::new(new_virtual.as_usize() + 123)),
+        Some(PhysicalAddr::new(frame.start_address().as_usize() + 123))
+    );
+
+    // write to the page and read it back via HHDM
     unsafe {
-        *addr = 0xDEADBEEF;
+        core::ptr::write_bytes(new_virtual.as_mut_ptr::<u8>(), 0xFF, 0x1000);
     }
 
+    let slice = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(direct_mapped.as_ptr::<u8>(), 0x1000) };
+
+    assert!(slice.iter().all(|&byte| byte == 0xFF));
+
+    println!("{:#X}", slice[0]);
+
+    let unmapped_frame = page_table.unmap(page, &mut allocator).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(unmapped_frame, frame);
+
+    unsafe { allocator.dealloc(unmapped_frame) };
+
+    assert!(page_table.translate(new_virtual).is_none());
+
     hcf();
 }
 

src/memory/frame.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+use crate::memory::{DirectMap, MemoryRegion, MemoryRegionKind, PhysicalAddr, VirtualAddr};
+
+pub const FRAME_SIZE: usize = 4096;
+
+pub fn align_up_to_frame(addr: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+    addr.checked_add(FRAME_SIZE as usize - 1)
+        .map(|addr| addr & !(FRAME_SIZE - 1))
+}
+
+pub fn align_down_to_frame(addr: usize) -> usize {
+    addr & !(FRAME_SIZE - 1)
+}
+
+#[repr(u8)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum FrameState {
+    Reserved = 0b00,
+    Free = 0b01,
+    Allocated = 0b10,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Bitmap {
+    start: VirtualAddr,
+    frame_count: usize,
+}
+
+impl Bitmap {
+    fn new(start: VirtualAddr, frame_count: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { start, frame_count }
+    }
+
+    fn state(&self, frame_idx: usize) -> FrameState {
+        assert!(frame_idx < self.frame_count, "frame index out of bounds");
+
+        let byte_idx = frame_idx / 4;
+        let shift = (frame_idx % 4) * 2;
+        let byte = unsafe { self.start.as_ptr::<u8>().add(byte_idx).read() };
+
+        match (byte >> shift) & 0b11 {
+            0b00 => FrameState::Reserved,
+            0b01 => FrameState::Free,
+            0b10 => FrameState::Allocated,
+            _ => panic!("invalid frame state"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn set_state(&mut self, frame_idx: usize, state: FrameState) {
+        assert!(frame_idx < self.frame_count, "frame index out of bounds");
+
+        let byte_idx = frame_idx / 4;
+        let shift = (frame_idx % 4) * 2;
+        let ptr = unsafe { self.start.as_mut_ptr::<u8>().add(byte_idx) };
+        let byte = unsafe { ptr.read() };
+        let mask = 0b11 << shift;
+
+        unsafe {
+            ptr.write((byte & !mask) | ((state as u8) << shift));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum FrameAllocatorInitError {
+    AddressOverflow,
+    NoUsableFrames,
+    NoBitmapStorage,
+    BitmapOutsideDirectMap,
+}
+
+// very very simple linked list frame/page allocator
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct FrameAllocator {
+    bitmap: Bitmap,
+    next_search: usize,
+    allocatable_frames: usize,
+    free_frames: usize,
+    direct_map: DirectMap,
+}
+
+impl FrameAllocator {
+    pub fn new<I>(regions: I, direct_map: DirectMap) -> Result<Self, FrameAllocatorInitError>
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = MemoryRegion> + Clone,
+    {
+        let mut highest_frame: Option<usize> = None;
+
+        for region in regions.clone() {
+            if region.kind != MemoryRegionKind::Usable {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let range = Self::usable_frame_range(region)?;
+            if range.is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            highest_frame = Some(highest_frame.map_or(range.end, |current| current.max(range.end)));
+        }
+
+        let highest_frame = highest_frame.ok_or(FrameAllocatorInitError::NoUsableFrames)?;
+
+        let bitmap_bytes = highest_frame.div_ceil(4);
+        let bitmap_frame_count = bitmap_bytes.div_ceil(FRAME_SIZE);
+        let bitmap_storage_bytes = bitmap_frame_count
+            .checked_mul(FRAME_SIZE)
+            .ok_or(FrameAllocatorInitError::AddressOverflow)?;
+
+        let mut bitmap_start_frame: Option<usize> = None;
+
+        for region in regions.clone() {
+            if region.kind != MemoryRegionKind::Usable {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let range = Self::usable_frame_range(region)?;
+            if range.is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if range.len() < bitmap_frame_count {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            bitmap_start_frame = Some(range.start);
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if bitmap_start_frame.is_none() {
+            return Err(FrameAllocatorInitError::NoBitmapStorage);
+        }
+
+        let bitmap_start_frame = bitmap_start_frame.unwrap();
+
+        let bitmap_physical_addr = PhysicalAddr::new(bitmap_start_frame * FRAME_SIZE);
+        let bitmap_virtual = direct_map
+            .translate(bitmap_physical_addr)
+            .ok_or(FrameAllocatorInitError::BitmapOutsideDirectMap)?;
+
+        unsafe {
+            // set everyting to unavailable
+            core::ptr::write_bytes(bitmap_virtual.as_mut_ptr::<u8>(), 0, bitmap_storage_bytes);
+        }
+
+        let mut allocatable_frames = 0;
+        let mut free_frames = 0;
+        let mut bitmap = Bitmap::new(bitmap_virtual, highest_frame);
+
+        let bitmap_end_frame = bitmap_start_frame
+            .checked_add(bitmap_frame_count)
+            .ok_or(FrameAllocatorInitError::AddressOverflow)?;
+
+        for region in regions {
+            if region.kind != MemoryRegionKind::Usable {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            for frame_idx in Self::usable_frame_range(region)? {
+                let is_bitmap_storage =
+                    frame_idx >= bitmap_start_frame && frame_idx < bitmap_end_frame;
+                if is_bitmap_storage {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                bitmap.set_state(frame_idx, FrameState::Free);
+                allocatable_frames += 1;
+                free_frames += 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            bitmap,
+            next_search: bitmap_start_frame + bitmap_frame_count,
+            allocatable_frames,
+            free_frames,
+            direct_map,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn find_free_in(&self, start: usize, end: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+        (start..end).find(|&index| self.bitmap.state(index) == FrameState::Free)
+    }
+
+    fn find_free_frame(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.find_free_in(self.next_search, self.bitmap.frame_count)
+            .or_else(|| self.find_free_in(0, self.next_search))
+    }
+
+    pub fn alloc_nozero(&mut self) -> Option<PhysicalFrame> {
+        if self.free_frames == 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let frame_idx = self.find_free_frame()?;
+
+        self.bitmap.set_state(frame_idx, FrameState::Allocated);
+        self.free_frames -= 1;
+        self.next_search = frame_idx.saturating_add(1);
+
+        Some(PhysicalFrame::from_index(frame_idx))
+    }
+
+    pub fn alloc(&mut self) -> Option<PhysicalFrame> {
+        let frame = self.alloc_nozero()?;
+
+        let start = self
+            .direct_map
+            .translate(frame.start_address())
+            .expect("frame is outside the direct map");
+
+        unsafe {
+            core::ptr::write_bytes(start.as_mut_ptr::<u8>(), 0, FRAME_SIZE);
+        }
+
+        Some(frame)
+    }
+
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// The caller must ensure:
+    /// - The frame is currently owned by the caller
+    /// - it is not currently in use
+    /// - it has not been freed
+    pub unsafe fn dealloc(&mut self, frame: PhysicalFrame) {
+        let frame_idx = frame.index();
+
+        match self.bitmap.state(frame_idx) {
+            FrameState::Allocated => {
+                self.bitmap.set_state(frame_idx, FrameState::Free);
+                self.free_frames += 1;
+                self.next_search = self.next_search.min(frame_idx);
+            }
+            FrameState::Free => panic!("attempted to free free frame"),
+            FrameState::Reserved => {
+                panic!("attempted to free reserved frame");
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    pub const fn free_frames(&self) -> usize {
+        self.free_frames
+    }
+
+    pub const fn allocatable_frames(&self) -> usize {
+        self.allocatable_frames
+    }
+
+    fn usable_frame_range(
+        region: MemoryRegion,
+    ) -> Result<core::ops::Range<usize>, FrameAllocatorInitError> {
+        let region_end = region
+            .start
+            .as_usize()
+            .checked_add(region.length)
+            .ok_or(FrameAllocatorInitError::AddressOverflow)?;
+
+        let start = align_up_to_frame(region.start.as_usize())
+            .ok_or(FrameAllocatorInitError::AddressOverflow)?;
+        let end = align_down_to_frame(region_end);
+
+        Ok((start / FRAME_SIZE)..(end / FRAME_SIZE))
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(transparent)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct PhysicalFrame(PhysicalAddr);
+
+impl PhysicalFrame {
+    pub fn from_start_address(address: PhysicalAddr) -> Option<Self> {
+        if address.as_usize() % FRAME_SIZE != 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        Some(Self(address))
+    }
+
+    pub fn start_address(&self) -> PhysicalAddr {
+        self.0
+    }
+
+    fn from_index(index: usize) -> Self {
+        Self(PhysicalAddr::new(index * FRAME_SIZE))
+    }
+
+    fn index(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.as_usize() / FRAME_SIZE
+    }
+}

src/memory/mod.rs

@@ -1,32 +1,47 @@
+mod frame;
+
+pub use frame::{FRAME_SIZE, FrameAllocator, PhysicalFrame};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct KernelImage {
+    pub physical_base: PhysicalAddr,
+    pub virtual_base: VirtualAddr,
+    pub length: usize,
+}
+
 #[repr(transparent)]
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct PhysicalAddr(u64);
+pub struct PhysicalAddr(usize);
 
 impl PhysicalAddr {
-    pub fn new(addr: u64) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(addr: usize) -> Self {
         Self(addr)
     }
 
-    pub const fn as_u64(self) -> u64 {
+    pub const fn as_usize(self) -> usize {
         self.0
     }
 }
 
 #[repr(transparent)]
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct VirtualAddr(u64);
+pub struct VirtualAddr(usize);
 
 impl VirtualAddr {
-    pub fn new(addr: u64) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(addr: usize) -> Self {
         Self(addr)
     }
 
-    pub const fn as_u64(self) -> u64 {
+    pub const fn as_usize(self) -> usize {
-        self.0
+        self.0 as usize
     }
 
     pub unsafe fn as_mut_ptr<T>(self) -> *mut T {
-        self.as_u64() as *mut T
+        self.as_usize() as *mut T
+    }
+
+    pub unsafe fn as_ptr<T>(self) -> *const T {
+        self.as_usize() as *const T
     }
 }
 
@@ -46,6 +61,23 @@ pub enum MemoryRegionKind {
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct MemoryRegion {
     pub start: PhysicalAddr,
-    pub length: u64,
+    pub length: usize,
     pub kind: MemoryRegionKind,
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct DirectMap {
+    offset: usize,
+}
+
+impl DirectMap {
+    pub fn new(offset: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { offset }
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate(self, addr: PhysicalAddr) -> Option<VirtualAddr> {
+        addr.as_usize()
+            .checked_add(self.offset)
+            .map(VirtualAddr::new)
+    }
+}