add IDT and GDT initialization

src/arch/x86_64/gdt.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+use core::arch::asm;
+
+#[repr(C, align(8))]
+struct Gdt {
+    entries: [u64; 5],
+}
+
+impl Gdt {
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { entries: [0; 5] }
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(C, packed)]
+struct GdtPointer {
+    limit: u16,
+    base: u64,
+}
+
+#[repr(C, packed)]
+struct TaskStateSegment {
+    reserved_0: u32,
+    privilege_stacks: [u64; 3],
+    reserved_1: u64,
+    interrupt_stacks: [u64; 7],
+    reserved_2: u64,
+    reserved_3: u16,
+    iomap_base: u16,
+}
+
+impl TaskStateSegment {
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            reserved_0: 0,
+            privilege_stacks: [0; 3],
+            reserved_1: 0,
+            interrupt_stacks: [0; 7],
+            reserved_2: 0,
+            reserved_3: 0,
+            iomap_base: core::mem::size_of::<TaskStateSegment>() as u16,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// 16 KiB
+const DOUBLE_FAULT_STACK_SIZE: usize = 16 * 1024;
+
+pub(super) const KERNEL_CODE_SELECTOR: u16 = 1 * 8;
+pub(super) const KERNEL_DATA_SELECTOR: u16 = 2 * 8;
+pub(super) const TSS_SELECTOR: u16 = 3 * 8;
+
+#[repr(align(16))]
+struct ExceptionStack([u8; DOUBLE_FAULT_STACK_SIZE]);
+
+static mut GDT: Gdt = Gdt::new();
+static mut TSS: TaskStateSegment = TaskStateSegment::new();
+static mut DOUBLE_FAULT_STACK: ExceptionStack = ExceptionStack([0; DOUBLE_FAULT_STACK_SIZE]);
+
+pub fn init() {
+    const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<TaskStateSegment>() == 104);
+    const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<GdtPointer>() == 10);
+
+    unsafe {
+        let stack_bottom = core::ptr::addr_of_mut!(DOUBLE_FAULT_STACK) as u64;
+        let stack_top = stack_bottom + DOUBLE_FAULT_STACK_SIZE as u64;
+
+        TSS.interrupt_stacks[0] = stack_top;
+
+        let [tss_low, tss_high] = tss_descriptor(core::ptr::addr_of!(TSS));
+
+        let gdt = Gdt {
+            entries: [
+                0,
+                kernel_code_descriptor(),
+                kernel_data_descriptor(),
+                tss_low,
+                tss_high,
+            ],
+        };
+        core::ptr::addr_of_mut!(GDT).write(gdt);
+
+        gdt_reload();
+    }
+}
+
+fn gdt_reload() {
+    unsafe {
+        asm!(
+            "lgdt [{gdt_pointer}]",
+
+            "push {code_selector}",
+            "lea rax, [rip + 2f]",
+            "push rax",
+            "retfq",
+            "2:",
+
+            "mov ax, {data_selector}",
+            "mov ds, ax",
+            "mov es, ax",
+            "mov fs, ax",
+            "mov gs, ax",
+            "mov ss, ax",
+
+            "mov ax, {tss_selector}",
+            "ltr ax",
+
+            gdt_pointer = in(reg) &GdtPointer {
+                limit: (core::mem::size_of::<Gdt>() - 1) as u16,
+                base: core::ptr::addr_of!(GDT) as u64,
+            },
+            code_selector = const KERNEL_CODE_SELECTOR,
+            data_selector = const KERNEL_DATA_SELECTOR,
+            tss_selector = const TSS_SELECTOR,
+            lateout("rax") _,
+            options(preserves_flags)
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+const PRESENT: u64 = 1 << 47;
+const USER_DESCRIPTOR: u64 = 1 << 44;
+const EXECUTABLE: u64 = 1 << 43;
+const READ_WRITE: u64 = 1 << 41;
+const LONG_MODE: u64 = 1 << 53;
+
+fn kernel_code_descriptor() -> u64 {
+    PRESENT | USER_DESCRIPTOR | EXECUTABLE | READ_WRITE | LONG_MODE
+}
+
+fn kernel_data_descriptor() -> u64 {
+    PRESENT | USER_DESCRIPTOR | READ_WRITE
+}
+
+fn tss_descriptor(tss: *const TaskStateSegment) -> [u64; 2] {
+    let base = tss as u64;
+    let limit = (core::mem::size_of::<TaskStateSegment>() - 1) as u64;
+
+    let low = (limit & 0xFFFF)
+        | ((base & 0x00FF_FFFF) << 16)
+        | (0x09 << 40)
+        | (1 << 47)
+        | (((limit >> 16) & 0x0F) << 48)
+        | (((base >> 24) & 0xFF) << 56);
+
+    let high = base >> 32;
+    [low, high]
+}

src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/exceptions.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+use core::arch::asm;
+
+use super::idt::{self, InterruptStackFrame};
+use crate::{hcf, println};
+
+macro_rules! fatal_without_error_code {
+    ($handler:ident, $name:literal) => {
+        extern "x86-interrupt" fn $handler(frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
+            fatal_exception($name, &frame, None);
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! fatal_with_error_code {
+    ($handler:ident, $name:literal) => {
+        extern "x86-interrupt" fn $handler(frame: InterruptStackFrame, error_code: u64) {
+            fatal_exception($name, &frame, Some(error_code));
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn debug_handler(frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
+    fatal_exception("DEBUG EXCEPTION", &frame, None);
+}
+
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn non_maskable_interrupt_handler(frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
+    fatal_exception("NON-MASKABLE INTERRUPT", &frame, None);
+}
+
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn breakpoint_handler(frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
+    report_exception("BREAKPOINT", &frame, None);
+}
+
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn double_fault_handler(frame: InterruptStackFrame, error_code: u64) {
+    fatal_exception("DOUBLE FAULT", &frame, Some(error_code));
+}
+
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn page_fault_handler(frame: InterruptStackFrame, error_code: u64) {
+    report_exception("PAGE FAULT", &frame, Some(error_code));
+    println!("Faulting address: {:#X}", read_cr2());
+    print_page_fault_error(error_code);
+    hcf();
+}
+
+fatal_without_error_code!(divide_error_handler, "DIVIDE ERROR");
+fatal_without_error_code!(invalid_opcode_handler, "INVALID OPCODE");
+fatal_without_error_code!(device_not_available_handler, "DEVICE NOT AVAILABLE");
+fatal_without_error_code!(x87_floating_point_handler, "X87 FLOATING-POINT EXCEPTION");
+fatal_without_error_code!(machine_check_handler, "MACHINE CHECK");
+fatal_without_error_code!(simd_floating_point_handler, "SIMD FLOATING-POINT EXCEPTION");
+
+fatal_with_error_code!(invalid_tss_handler, "INVALID TSS");
+fatal_with_error_code!(segment_not_present_handler, "SEGMENT NOT PRESENT");
+fatal_with_error_code!(stack_segment_fault_handler, "STACK-SEGMENT FAULT");
+fatal_with_error_code!(general_protection_handler, "GENERAL PROTECTION FAULT");
+fatal_with_error_code!(alignment_check_handler, "ALIGNMENT CHECK");
+
+pub(super) fn install(idt: &mut idt::Idt) {
+    idt.set_handler(0, divide_error_handler, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(1, debug_handler, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(2, non_maskable_interrupt_handler, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(3, breakpoint_handler, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(6, invalid_opcode_handler, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(7, device_not_available_handler, 0);
+    idt.set_error_code_handler(8, double_fault_handler, 1);
+    idt.set_error_code_handler(10, invalid_tss_handler, 0);
+    idt.set_error_code_handler(11, segment_not_present_handler, 0);
+    idt.set_error_code_handler(12, stack_segment_fault_handler, 0);
+    idt.set_error_code_handler(13, general_protection_handler, 0);
+    idt.set_error_code_handler(14, page_fault_handler, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(16, x87_floating_point_handler, 0);
+    idt.set_error_code_handler(17, alignment_check_handler, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(18, machine_check_handler, 0);
+    idt.set_handler(19, simd_floating_point_handler, 0);
+}
+
+fn read_cr2() -> u64 {
+    let value: u64;
+    unsafe {
+        asm!(
+            "mov {}, cr2",
+            out(reg) value,
+            options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags),
+        );
+    }
+    value
+}
+
+fn print_page_fault_error(error_code: u64) {
+    let present = error_code & (1 << 0) != 0;
+    let write = error_code & (1 << 1) != 0;
+    let user = error_code & (1 << 2) != 0;
+
+    println!(
+        "Cause: {}",
+        if present {
+            "protection violation"
+        } else {
+            "page not present"
+        }
+    );
+    println!("Access: {}", if write { "write" } else { "read" });
+    println!("Mode: {}", if user { "user" } else { "supervisor" });
+
+    if error_code & (1 << 3) != 0 {
+        println!("Reserved page-table bit was set");
+    }
+
+    if error_code & (1 << 4) != 0 {
+        println!("Access was an instruction fetch");
+    }
+
+    if error_code & (1 << 5) != 0 {
+        println!("Protection-key violation");
+    }
+
+    if error_code & (1 << 6) != 0 {
+        println!("Shadow-stack access");
+    }
+
+    if error_code & (1 << 15) != 0 {
+        println!("Software Guard Extensions violation");
+    }
+}
+
+fn report_exception(name: &'static str, frame: &InterruptStackFrame, error_code: Option<u64>) {
+    println!();
+    println!("========= {name} =========");
+    println!(
+        "Origin: {}",
+        if frame.code_segment & 0b11 == 3 {
+            "user"
+        } else {
+            "kernel"
+        }
+    );
+    println!("RIP: {:#X}", frame.instruction_pointer.as_u64());
+    println!("CS: {:#X}", frame.code_segment);
+    println!("FLAGS: {:#X}", frame.cpu_flags);
+    println!("RSP: {:#X}", frame.stack_pointer.as_u64());
+    println!("SS: {:#X}", frame.stack_segment);
+
+    if let Some(error_code) = error_code {
+        println!("ERROR: {:#X}", error_code);
+    }
+}
+
+fn fatal_exception(name: &'static str, frame: &InterruptStackFrame, error_code: Option<u64>) -> ! {
+    report_exception(name, frame, error_code);
+    hcf()
+}

src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/idt.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+use super::exceptions;
+use crate::{arch::x86_64::gdt::KERNEL_CODE_SELECTOR, memory::VirtualAddr};
+
+#[repr(C, packed)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct IdtEntry {
+    offset_low: u16,
+    code_selector: u16,
+    ist: u8,
+    attributes: u8,
+    offset_middle: u16,
+    offset_high: u32,
+    reserved: u32,
+}
+
+impl IdtEntry {
+    const fn missing() -> Self {
+        return Self {
+            offset_low: 0,
+            code_selector: 0x08,
+            ist: 0,
+            attributes: 0,
+            offset_middle: 0,
+            offset_high: 0,
+            reserved: 0,
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(C, packed)]
+struct IdtPointer {
+    limit: u16,
+    base: u64,
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub(super) struct InterruptStackFrame {
+    pub instruction_pointer: VirtualAddr,
+    pub code_segment: u64,
+    pub cpu_flags: u64,
+    pub stack_pointer: VirtualAddr,
+    pub stack_segment: u64,
+}
+
+const INTERRUPT_GATE: u8 = 0b1110;
+const PRESENT: u8 = 1 << 7;
+const KERNEL_INTERRUPT_GATE: u8 = PRESENT | INTERRUPT_GATE;
+
+pub(super) type Handler = extern "x86-interrupt" fn(InterruptStackFrame);
+pub(super) type ErrorCodeHandler = extern "x86-interrupt" fn(InterruptStackFrame, u64);
+
+pub(super) struct Idt {
+    entries: [IdtEntry; 256],
+}
+
+impl Idt {
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            entries: [IdtEntry::missing(); 256],
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn set_handler(&mut self, vector: u8, handler: Handler, ist: u8) {
+        self.set_handler_address(vector, handler as usize, ist);
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn set_error_code_handler(
+        &mut self,
+        vector: u8,
+        handler: ErrorCodeHandler,
+        ist: u8,
+    ) {
+        self.set_handler_address(vector, handler as usize, ist);
+    }
+
+    fn set_handler_address(&mut self, vector: u8, address: usize, ist: u8) {
+        self.entries[vector as usize] = IdtEntry {
+            offset_low: address as u16,
+            offset_middle: (address >> 16) as u16,
+            offset_high: (address >> 32) as u32,
+            code_selector: KERNEL_CODE_SELECTOR,
+            ist: ist & 0b111,
+            attributes: KERNEL_INTERRUPT_GATE,
+            reserved: 0,
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+static mut IDT: Idt = Idt::new();
+
+pub fn idt_init() {
+    const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<IdtEntry>() == 16);
+    const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<IdtPointer>() == 10);
+    const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<InterruptStackFrame>() == 40);
+
+    let mut idt = Idt::new();
+
+    exceptions::install(&mut idt);
+
+    unsafe {
+        core::ptr::addr_of_mut!(IDT).write(idt);
+
+        let pointer = IdtPointer {
+            limit: (core::mem::size_of::<Idt>() - 1) as u16,
+            base: core::ptr::addr_of!(IDT) as u64,
+        };
+
+        core::arch::asm!(
+            "lidt [{}]",
+            in(reg) core::ptr::addr_of!(pointer),
+            options(readonly, nostack, preserves_flags),
+        );
+    }
+}

src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+use core::arch::asm;
+
+mod exceptions;
+mod idt;
+
+pub use idt::idt_init as init;
+
+pub fn disable_interrupts() {
+    unsafe {
+        asm!("cli");
+    }
+}

src/arch/x86_64/mod.rs

@@ -1 +1,23 @@
+mod gdt;
+mod interrupts;
 pub mod port;
+
+use core::arch::asm;
+
+pub use interrupts::disable_interrupts;
+
+use crate::println;
+
+pub fn init() {
+    disable_interrupts();
+    println!("Loading GDT...");
+    gdt::init();
+    println!("Loading IDT...");
+    interrupts::init();
+}
+
+pub fn halt() {
+    unsafe {
+        asm!("hlt");
+    }
+}

src/boot/limine.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-use limine::request::FramebufferRequest;
+use ::limine as limine_api;
-use limine::{BaseRevision, RequestsEndMarker, RequestsStartMarker};
+
+use limine_api::request::{ExecutableAddressRequest, HhdmRequest, MemmapRequest};
+use limine_api::{BaseRevision, RequestsEndMarker, RequestsStartMarker};
 
 /// Sets the base revision to the latest revision supported by the crate.
 /// See specification for further info.
@@ -7,11 +9,19 @@ use limine::{BaseRevision, RequestsEndMarker, RequestsStartMarker};
 #[used]
 // The .requests section allows limine to find the requests faster and more safely.
 #[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
-pub static BASE_REVISION: BaseRevision = BaseRevision::new();
+static BASE_REVISION: BaseRevision = BaseRevision::new();
 
 #[used]
 #[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
-pub static FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST: FramebufferRequest = FramebufferRequest::new();
+static KERNEL_ADDRESS_REQUEST: ExecutableAddressRequest = ExecutableAddressRequest::new();
+
+#[used]
+#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
+static HHDM_REQUEST: HhdmRequest = HhdmRequest::new();
+
+#[used]
+#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
+static MEMMAP_REQUEST: MemmapRequest = MemmapRequest::new();
 
 /// Define the stand and end markers for Limine requests.
 #[used]
@@ -20,3 +30,69 @@ static _START_MARKER: RequestsStartMarker = RequestsStartMarker::new();
 #[used]
 #[unsafe(link_section = ".requests_end_marker")]
 static _END_MARKER: RequestsEndMarker = RequestsEndMarker::new();
+
+pub struct BootInfo {
+    pub kernel_address: crate::memory::PhysicalAddr,
+    pub hhdm_offset: u64,
+    entries: &'static [&'static limine_api::memmap::Entry],
+}
+
+impl BootInfo {
+    pub fn memory_regions(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::memory::MemoryRegion> + '_ {
+        use crate::memory::{MemoryRegion, MemoryRegionKind};
+        self.entries.iter().map(|&entry| MemoryRegion {
+            start: crate::memory::PhysicalAddr::new(entry.base),
+            length: entry.length,
+            kind: match entry.type_ {
+                limine_api::memmap::MEMMAP_USABLE => MemoryRegionKind::Usable,
+                limine_api::memmap::MEMMAP_RESERVED => MemoryRegionKind::Reserved,
+                limine_api::memmap::MEMMAP_ACPI_RECLAIMABLE => MemoryRegionKind::AcpiReclaimable,
+                limine_api::memmap::MEMMAP_ACPI_NVS => MemoryRegionKind::AcpiNvs,
+                limine_api::memmap::MEMMAP_BAD_MEMORY => MemoryRegionKind::BadMemory,
+                limine_api::memmap::MEMMAP_BOOTLOADER_RECLAIMABLE => {
+                    MemoryRegionKind::BootloaderReclaimable
+                }
+                limine_api::memmap::MEMMAP_EXECUTABLE_AND_MODULES => {
+                    MemoryRegionKind::KernelAndModules
+                }
+                limine_api::memmap::MEMMAP_FRAMEBUFFER => MemoryRegionKind::Framebuffer,
+                limine_api::memmap::MEMMAP_MAPPED_RESERVED => MemoryRegionKind::MappedReserved,
+                _ => MemoryRegionKind::Reserved,
+            },
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum BootError {
+    UnsupportedBaseRevision,
+    FailedToGetKernelAddress,
+    FailedToGetHHDMAddress,
+    FailedToGetMemmap,
+}
+
+pub fn load_boot_info() -> Result<BootInfo, BootError> {
+    if !BASE_REVISION.is_supported() {
+        return Err(BootError::UnsupportedBaseRevision);
+    }
+
+    let kernel_address = KERNEL_ADDRESS_REQUEST
+        .response()
+        .ok_or(BootError::FailedToGetKernelAddress)?
+        .physical_base;
+    let hhdm_offset = HHDM_REQUEST
+        .response()
+        .ok_or(BootError::FailedToGetHHDMAddress)?
+        .offset;
+
+    let memmap = MEMMAP_REQUEST
+        .response()
+        .ok_or(BootError::FailedToGetMemmap)?
+        .entries();
+
+    Ok(BootInfo {
+        kernel_address: crate::memory::PhysicalAddr::new(kernel_address),
+        hhdm_offset,
+        entries: memmap,
+    })
+}

src/boot/mod.rs

@@ -1 +1,3 @@
-pub mod limine;
+mod limine;
+
+pub use limine::{BootError, BootInfo, load_boot_info};

src/debug/serial.rs

@@ -169,11 +169,11 @@ pub fn print(args: core::fmt::Arguments) {
 
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! print {
-    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::drivers::serial::print(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::debug::serial::print(format_args!($($arg)*)));
 }
 
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! println {
-    () => ($crate::drivers::serial::print(format_args!("\n")));
+    () => ($crate::debug::serial::print(format_args!("\n")));
-    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::drivers::serial::print(format_args!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*))));
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::debug::serial::print(format_args!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*))));
 }

src/main.rs

@@ -1,66 +1,40 @@
-#![feature(abi_x86_interrupt, negative_impls)]
+#![feature(abi_x86_interrupt)]
 #![allow(clippy::needless_return)]
 #![no_std]
 #![no_main]
 
 mod arch;
 mod boot;
-mod drivers;
+mod debug;
+mod memory;
 
-use boot::limine::{BASE_REVISION, FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST};
+use crate::debug::serial;
-
-use crate::drivers::serial;
 
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
     serial::init().unwrap();
 
-    assert!(BASE_REVISION.is_supported());
+    arch::init();
+    let _boot_info = boot::load_boot_info().unwrap();
 
-    draw_gradient();
+    let addr = 0xDEADBEEF as *mut u32;
+    unsafe {
+        *addr = 0xDEADBEEF;
+    }
 
     hcf();
 }
 
-fn draw_gradient() {
-    if let Some(framebuffer_response) = FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST.response() {
-        if let Some(&framebuffer) = framebuffer_response.framebuffers().first() {
-            let buffer = unsafe {
-                core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(
-                    framebuffer.address().cast::<u32>(),
-                    framebuffer.size() / 4,
-                )
-            };
-
-            for y in 0..framebuffer.height {
-                for x in 0..framebuffer.width {
-                    let r = (255 * x) / (framebuffer.width - 1);
-                    let g = (255 * y) / (framebuffer.height - 1);
-                    let b = 255 - r;
-
-                    let pixel = ((r as u32) << 16) | ((g as u32) << 8) | (b as u32);
-                    buffer
-                        [(((y * framebuffer.pitch) / (framebuffer.bpp as u64 / 8)) + x) as usize] =
-                        pixel
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[panic_handler]
-fn panic(_info: &core::panic::PanicInfo) -> ! {
+fn panic(info: &core::panic::PanicInfo) -> ! {
+    println!("Uh oh, something went wrong!");
+    println!("{}", info);
+
     hcf();
 }
 
 pub fn hcf() -> ! {
     loop {
-        unsafe {
+        arch::halt();
-            #[cfg(any(target_arch = "x86", target_arch = "x86_64"))]
-            core::arch::asm!("hlt");
-
-            #[cfg(any(target_arch = "aarch64", target_arch = "riscv64"))]
-            core::arch::asm!("wfi");
-        }
     }
 }

src/memory/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#[repr(transparent)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct PhysicalAddr(u64);
+
+impl PhysicalAddr {
+    pub fn new(addr: u64) -> Self {
+        Self(addr)
+    }
+
+    pub const fn as_u64(self) -> u64 {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(transparent)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct VirtualAddr(u64);
+
+impl VirtualAddr {
+    pub fn new(addr: u64) -> Self {
+        Self(addr)
+    }
+
+    pub const fn as_u64(self) -> u64 {
+        self.0
+    }
+
+    pub unsafe fn as_mut_ptr<T>(self) -> *mut T {
+        self.as_u64() as *mut T
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum MemoryRegionKind {
+    Usable,
+    Reserved,
+    AcpiReclaimable,
+    AcpiNvs,
+    BadMemory,
+    BootloaderReclaimable,
+    KernelAndModules,
+    Framebuffer,
+    MappedReserved,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct MemoryRegion {
+    pub start: PhysicalAddr,
+    pub length: u64,
+    pub kind: MemoryRegionKind,
+}